Predictors of Diabetes Self-Care Practice Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Public Hospitals in Northeastern Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic presentation of sampling.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Dubti and Assaita Hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Male	250	62
Age (year),	<50	214	53.1
	>50	189	46.9
Mean+ SD	46.7±11.3
Education status	No formal Education	127	31.5
	Primary	104	25.8
	Secondary	50	12.4
	College/university	122	30.3
Religion	Orthodox	124	30.8
	Muslim	224	55.6
	Protestant	36	8.9
	Catholic	19	4.7
Ethnicity	Amhara	193	47.9
	Oromo	79	19.6
	Tigre	50	12.4
	Afar	77	19.1
	Other	4	1.0
Marital status	Married	244	60.5
	Single	159	39.5
Occupation	Employed	212	52.6
	Unemployed	80	19.9
	Merchant	70	17.4
	House servant	11	2.7
	Daily labourers	30	7.4
Monthly family income status	Very low (<445 Birr)	68	16.9
	Low (446-1200 Birr)	32	7.9
	Average (1201-2500Birr)	185	45.9
	High (2501-3500 Birr)	118	29.3
Age at which diabetes diagnosed (year), mean ±SD	<50	340	84.4
	>50	63	15.6
	36.7±11.02
Residence	Urban	367	91.1
	Rural	36	8.9

Table 2 Disease-Related Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Dubti and Assaita Hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Category	Frequency	Percent
Duration of DM (year), Mean ±SD		≤5 5–10 ≥11 10.26±6.94	123 125 155	30.5 31.0 38.5
Family history		Yes	116	28.8
Treatment regimen		Oral hypoglycemic agent Insulin therapy Both	243 138 22	60.3 34.2 5.5
Presence of glucometer at home		Yes	87	21.6
Diabetes complication	HTN	Yes	87	21.6
	Kidney-related problems	Yes	11	2.7
	Eye-related problems	Yes	5	1.2
	Other*	Yes	28	6.9

Note: *Coronary heart disease, heart failure and foot-related complications.

Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2 Overall self-care practice among the study participants.

Table 3 Diabetes Knowledge, Social Support and Other Related Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Dubti and Assaita Hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Diabetes knowledge	Knowledgeable	232	57.6
Social support	Have social support	252	62.5
Being member of diabetic association	Yes	230	57.1
Attending monthly diabetic education from association	Always	48	11.9
	Sometimes	173	42.9
	Never	182	45.2
Attending monthly DM education from health professionals	Always	65	16.2
	Sometimes	221	54.8
	Never	117	29
Distance from the facility effect on glycemic level	Yes	65	16.1
DM education media (source) for better glycemic control	Leaflet	134	33.3
	Television/radio/	163	40.4
	Health professionals	106	26.3

Table 4 Univariate Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Predictors of Self-Care Practice

Variables	Categories	Self-Care Practice		Univariate Analysis
		Adequate (%)	Inadequate (%)	COR (95% CI)	P- value
Age in years	>50	151(70.6)	63(29.4)	1.88(1.24–2.83)*	0.07
	≤ 50	106 (56.1)	83(43.9)	1
Education	No formal education	76(59.84)	51(40.16)	0.55(0.32–0.94)*	0.05
	Primary	65((62.5)	39(37.5)	0.62(0.35–1.09)	0.4
	Secondary	27(54	23(46)	0.44(0.22–0.86)*	0.12
	College/University	89(72.9)	33(27.1)	1
Monthly family income status	Very low	33(48.53)	35(51.47)	1
	Low	22(68.75)	10(14.7)	2.33(0.96–5.69)	0.35
	Average	115(62.16)	70(37.84)	1.70(0.99–3.05)	0.6
	Above average	87(73.73)	31(35.63)	2.98(1.59–5.57)*	0.09
Age at DM diagnosed	≤ 47	231(67.9)	109(32.1)	3.02(1.74–5.20)*	<0.001
	>47	26(42.3)	37(58.7)	1
Duration of diabetes	<5	68(55.28)	55(44.72)	1
	5–10	74(59.2)	51(40.8)	1.17(0.71–1.94)	0.7
	≥11	115(74.2)	40(25.8)	2.33(1.4–3.86)*	0.14
Treatment regimen	OHA	160(65.8)	83(34.2)	0.30(0.09–1.06)	0.9
	Insulin injection	78(56.52)	60(43.48)	0.21(0.06–0.73)*	0.2
	Both	19(86.36)	3(13.63)	1
Diabetes knowledge	Knowledgeable	138(59.5)	94(40.5)	0.64(0.42–0.97)*	0.16
	Less knowledgeable	119(69.6)	52(30.4)	1
Social support	Yes	187(74.2)	65(25.8)	3.32(2.17–5.10)*	0.008
	No	70(46.4)	81(53.6)	1
Distance from hospital affects glycemic level	Yes	33(50.77)	32(49.23)	1
	No	224(66.3)	114(33.7	1.91(1.12–3.30)*	0.04
Attendance of monthly DM education from association	Never	107(58.8)	75(41.2)	1
	Sometimes	112(64.7)	61(35.3)	1.28(0.84–1.97)	0.5
	Always	38(79.2)	10(20.8)	2.66(1.25–5.67)*	<0.001
DM education from health professionals	Never	58(49.6)	59(50.4)	1
	Sometimes	144(65.2)	77(34.8)	1.90(1.21–3.00)*	0.03
	Always	55(84.6)	10(15.4)	5.60(2.603–12.02)*	0.01
Source of DM education	Leaflet	80(59.7)	54(40.3)	1
	Television/radio	123(75.5)	40(24.5)	2.07(1.26–3.40)*	0.02
	Health professionals	54(50.9)	52(49.1)	0.70(0.42–1.2)	0.45

Note: *Shows statistically significant at p value < 0.25.

Abbreviations: COR, crudes odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 5 Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Predictors of Self-Care Practice

Variables	Categories	Self-Care Practice		Multivariate Analysis
		Adequate (%)	Inadequate (%)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Age in years	>50	151(70.6)	63(29.4)	2.27(1.27–4.07)	0.005
	≤ 50	106 (56.1)	83(43.9)	1
Education	No formal education	76(59.84)	51(40.16)	0.91(0.38–2.177)	0.6
	Primary	65((62.5)	39(37.5)	1.31(0.56–3.102)	0.43
	Secondary	27(54	23(46)	0.84(0.337–2.079)	0.54
	College/University	89(72.9)	33(27.1)	1
Monthly family income status	Very low	33(48.53)	35(51.47)	1
	Low	22(68.75)	10(14.7)	3.08(1.08–8.78)	0.04
	Average	115(62.16)	70(37.84)	2.43(1.15–5.09)	0.02
	Above average	87(73.73)	31(35.63)	2.68(1.03–6.99)	0.04
Age at DM diagnosed	≤ 47	231(67.9)	109(32.1)	0.97(0.45–2.11)	0.61
	>47	26(42.3)	37(58.7)	1
Duration of diabetes	<5	68(55.28)	55(44.72)	1
	5–10	74(59.2)	51(40.8)	1.28(0.69–2.37)	0.04
	≥11	115(74.2)	40(25.8)	1.82(0.93–3.58)	0.01
Treatment regimen	OHA	160(65.8)	83(34.2)	0.22(0.05–0.95)	0.79
	Insulin injection	78(56.52)	60(43.48)	0.18(0.04–0.75)	0.83
	Both	19(86.36)	3(13.63)	1
Diabetes knowledge	Knowledgeable	138(59.5)	94(40.5)	0.66(0.399–1.102)	0.65
	Less knowledgeable	119(69.6)	52(30.4)	1
Social support	Yes	187(74.2)	65(25.8)	3.09(1.76–5.4)	≤ 0.01
	No	70(46.4)	81(53.6)	1
Distance from hospital affects glycemic level	Yes	33(50.77)	32(49.23)	1
	No	224(66.3)	114(33.7	1.41(0.73–2.72)	0.45
Attendance of monthly DM education from association	Never	107(58.8)	75(41.2)	1
	Sometimes	112(64.7)	61(35.3)	0.98(0.56–1.71)	0.55
	Always	38(79.2)	10(20.8)	0.69(0.23–2.10)	0.63
DM education from health professionals	Never	58(49.6)	59(50.4)	1
	Sometimes	144(65.2)	77(34.8)	1.31(0.73–2.36)	0.43
	Always	55(84.6)	10(15.4)	5.53(1.92–15.93)	0.001
Source of DM education	Leaflet	80(59.7)	54(40.3)	1
	Television/radio	123(75.5)	40(24.5)	2.63(1.47–4.7)	0.001
	Health professionals	54(50.9)	52(49.1)	1.00(0.53–1.89)	0.58

Note: Statistical significance at P-value < 0.05.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.