Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Search strategy.

Table 1 Characteristics of trials included in the systematic review

Parameter	References
	Arnolds et al^Citation19	Riddle et al^Citation20	Buse et al^Citation17	Morrow et al^Citation21	Seino et al^Citation22
Design	R, OL, PG, SC	R, DB, PC, PG	R, DB, PC, PG, MC	OL, CO	R, DB, PC, PG, MC
	4 weeks	24 weeks	30 weeks	36 days	24 weeks
	n = 48	n = 34	n = 259	n = 33	n = 311
Age (years)	57	55	59	50	58
Male (%)	60	NR	57	70	NR
Race, white (%)	NR	NR	78	79	0
Diabetes duration (years)	6	9	12	7	14
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	32	33	33	33	25
Baseline FPG (mmol/L)	5.3	NR	8.1	9.7	7.7
Baseline A1c (%)	8.1	7.8*	8.4	8.3	8.5
Intervention	Glargine (0.42 u/kg) + metformin + exenatide (5–10 μg BID)	Metformin + exenatide (5–10 μg BID) + glargine (0.50 u/kg)	Glargine + exenatide (10 μg BID) ± metformin and/or PIO	Liraglutide (1.8) + detemir (0.5 u/kg) ± metformin	Basal insulin ± SU + lixisenatide (20 μg QD)
Control (s)	Glargine (0.36 u/kg) + meformin + sitagliptin (100 mg QD)	Metformin + placebo + glargine (0.56 u/kg)	Glargine + placebo ± metformin and/or PIO	Liraglutide (1.8 mg) ± metformin	Basal insulin ± SU + placebo
	Glargine (0.42 u/kg) + metformin			Detemir (0.5 u/kg) ± metformin
Sequence generation	No	No	Yes	NA	No
Concealment of allocation	No	No	No	NA	No
Blinding	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Incomplete outcome data	No	No	No	No	No
Selective outcome reporting	No	No	Yes	No	No

Abbreviations: BID, twice daily; CO, crossover; DB, double blind; MC, multicenter; n, number; NR, not reported; NA, not applicable; OL, open label; PG, parallel group; PIO, pioglitazone; R, randomized; SC, single center; U, units; QD, once daily.

Arnolds S Dellweg S Clair J Further improvement in postprandial glucose control with addition of exenatide or sitagliptin to combination therapy with insulin glargine and metformin: a proof-of-concept study Diabetes Care 2010 33 1509 1515 20357372

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Riddle M Ahmann A Basu A Aroda V Ratner R Metformin+ exenatide+basal insulin vs metformin+placebo+basal insulin: reaching A1c < 6.5% without weight-gain or serious hypoglycemia Diabetes 2010 59 Suppl 1 Abstract 18-LB

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Buse JB Bergenstal RM Glass LC Use of twice-daily exenatide in basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 2011 154 103 112 21138825

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Morrow L Hompesch M Guthrie H Chang D Chatterjee DJ Co-administration of liraglutide with insulin detemir demonstrates additive pharmacodynamic effects with no pharmacokinetic interaction Diabetes Obes Metab 2011 13 75 80 21114606

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Seino Y Min K Niemoller E Takami A Lixisenatide significantly improves glycemic control in Asian patients with T2DM insufficiently controlled on basal insulin +/– SU Diabetes 2011 60 Suppl 1 Abstract 278-OR

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