Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among Batswana Adults in Urban and Semi-Urban Gaborone

Figures & data

Figure 1 Complex multi-stage cluster sampling method schematic diagram.

Table 1 Participants Anthropometrics, Blood Pressure and Biochemical Measures by Gender

Characteristic	n	All	Men	Women	P-value
n (%)	800		384 (48)	416 (52)
Age (years)	743	36.1 ± 8.9	36.3 ± 9.2	35.9 ± 8.6	0.583
BMI (kg/m^2)	797	26.2 ± 5.7	24.2 ± 4.5	27.9 ± 6.1	< 0.001
Waist (cm)	794	85.1 ± 13.9	84.1 ± 13.3	86.0 ± 14.4	0.05
Hip (cm)	795	104.2 ± 12.8	99.6 ± 10.5	108.5 ± 13.3	< 0.001
Waist Hip Ratio	794	0.82 ± 0.1	0.85 ± 0.11	0.79 ± 0.11	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	795	127.5 ± 16.9	130.4 ± 16.7	124.7 ± 16.6	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	795	78.8 ± 10.8	79.2 ± 11.0	78.5 ± 10.7	0.378
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	779	5.3 ± 1.3	5.3 ± 1.2	5.4 ± 1.5	0.201
Total triglycerides (mmol/L)	785	1.9 ± 2.4	1.8 ± 1.0	2.0 ± 1.1	0.057
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	778	1.2 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	<0.001

Table 2 Percentage Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Components

Component	n	Component Prevalence (%)			Pvalue
		All	Men	Female
BMI (kg/m^2) %
25 ≤ BMI <30	232	29.1	15.1	31.0	< 0.001
BMI ≥30*	192	24.1	13.0	34.4	< 0.001
Waist (cm) (men/women)
≥ 94/80	380	47.9	24.5	69.6	< 0.001
≥ 102/88*	230	29.0	11.0	45.7	< 0.001
WHR > 1.0/0.85	106	13.4	3.7	22.6	< 0.001
Elevated BP (≥130 | ≥85) *	355	44.7	50.3	39.4	0.002
Blood Glucose ≥ 11.1mmol/L*	6	0.8	0.5	1.0	0.408
TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L (%)*	372	47.4	46.3	48.4	0.555
HDL < 1.03/1.29 mmol/L *	384	49.4	48.7	50.0	0.711
Metabolic Syndrome	794	26.8	18.0	35.0	<0.001

Notes: *Cut off values.

Table 3 Age and Sex-Specific Percentage Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome

Age Groups (Years)	All (n=794)		Men (n=383)		Women (n=411)
	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)
25–34	391	19.7 (16.0, 23.8)	183	10.4 (6.5, 15.3)	208	27.9 (21.8, 33.8)
35–44	212	30.2 (24.3, 36.6)	98	20.4 (13.4, 29.2)	114	38.6 (30.0, 47.7)
45–54	106	42.5 (33.4, 52.0)	48	33.3 (21.3, 47.3)	58	50.0 (37.4, 62.6)
55–65	30	40.0 (24.0, 57.8)	17	41.2 (20.7, 64.4)	13	38.5 (16.5, 65.0)
Not stated	55	27.3 (16.9, 40.0)	37	18.9 (8.9, 33.6)	18	44.4 (21.1, 61.6)
Mets prevalence	794	26.8 (23.8, 30.0)	383	18.0 (14.4, 22.0)	411	35.0 (30.2, 39.3)
Age adjusted	–	28.9	–	20.4	–	36.1

Table 4 Component-Wise Prevalence and Relative Risk Among Participants with and without the Metabolic Syndrome

Component	Total	MetS Status				Relative Risk (95% CI)
		Absent		Present
All (n=794)		%	95% CI	%	95% CI
Central Obesity (%)	380	28.7	25.2–32.5	100.0	–	–
High Triglycerides (%)	369	35.4	31.5–39.4	79.1	73.3–84.2	1.63 (1.48–1.80)
Low HDL cholesterol (%)	382	38.0	34.1–42.1	79.2	73.4–84.3	1.58 (1.44–1.74)
Elevated BP (%)	348	33.3	29.6–37.2	75.1	69.0–80.6	1.61 (1.45–1.78)
High Blood glucose	6	0.0	–	2.9	1.2–5.8	–
Male (n=383)
Central Obesity (%)	94	8.0	5.3–11.3	100.0	–	–
High Triglycerides (%)	174	37.0	31.8–42.5	87.0	77.5–93.3	1.46 (1.30–1.63)
Low HDL cholesterol (%)	182	41.5	35.1–45.9	79.7	69.1–87.9	1.33 (1.20–1.47)
Elevated BP (%)	192	43.3	37.9–48.8	81.2	70.8–89.0	1.32 (1.19–1.45)
High Blood glucose (%)	2	0.0	–	3.0	0.6–9.4	–
Female (n=411)
Central Obesity (%)	286	53.2	47.2–59.1	100.0	–	–
High Triglycerides (%)	195	33.5	28.0–39.3	75.4	67.8–81.9	1.85 (1.56–2.18)
Low HDL cholesterol (%)	200	33.9	28.3–39.8	79.0	71.8–85.1	1.95 (1.65,2.31)
Elevated BP (%)	161	21.5	16.9–26.7	72.2	64.5–79.0	2.37 (1.91–2.94)
High Blood glucose (%)	4	0.0	–	2.4	0.9–6.5	–

Figure 2 Percentage prevalence of the metabolic syndrome components by gender.