Comparison of Novel Metabolic Indices in Estimation of Chronic Kidney Diseases in a Southern Chinese Population

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population

Males (n=1002)				Females (n=1718)
Parameters	CKD (-) (n=832, 83.03%)	CKD (+) (n=170, 16.97%)	P	CKD (-) (n=1450, 84.40%)	CKD (+) (n=268, 15.60%)	P
Age (years)	54.0 (14.4)	63.9 (12.6)	<0.001	52.7 (13.7)	63.6 (13.4)	<0.001
Education (high school or above, n (%))	395 (47.5%)	59 (34.7%)	<0.01	512 (37.0%)	43 (17.1%)	<0.001
History of hypertension, n (%)	204 (24.5%)	100 (59.2%)	<0.001	280 (19.3%)	135 (50.4%)	<0.001
History of diabetes, n (%)	56 (6.7%)	35 (20.7%)	<0.001	93 (6.4%)	43(16.0%)	<0.001
Physical activity, n (%)	463 (55.6%)	101 (59.4%)	0.37	797 (56.0%)	173 (64.8%)	0.008
Current smoking, n (%)	270 (32.5%)	53 (31.2%)	0.75	13 (0.9%)	1 (0.4%)	0.39
Current alcohol use, n (%)	115 (13.8%)	25 (14.7%)	0.76	13 (0.9%)	1 (0.4%)	0.38
Height (cm)	166.66 (6.52)	165.30 (5.96)	0.012	155.41 (5.86)	153.06 (6.59)	<0.001
Weight (kg)	67.18 (10.39)	68.69 (10.94)	0.088	56.68 (8.59)	58.75 (9.95)	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	87.54 (9.43)	91.08 (9.83)	<0.001	81.23 (9.67)	86.80 (10.20)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.15 (3.32)	25.07 (3.53)	<0.001	23.45 (3.35)	25.05 (4.05)	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	132.87 (18.15)	144.98 (18.80)	<0.001	129.20 (34.77)	145.55 (21.71)	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	83.03 (11.00)	86.82 (12.04)	<0.001	78.84 (10.46)	84.04 (11.60)	<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	5.16 (1.18)	5.95 (2.24)	<0.001	5.06 (0.96)	5.84 (1.85)	<0.001
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.69 (1.09)	1.96 (1.23)	<0.001	1.38 (0.78)	1.74 (0.99)	<0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.37 (0.29)	1.36 (0.35)	0.62	1.60 (0.32)	1.53 (0.34)	<0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.11 (0.90)	3.23 (1.00)	0.13	3.20 (0.91)	3.45 (0.98)	<0.001
VLDL-c mmol/L	0.76 (0.47)	0.89 (0.56)	0.005	0.62 (0.35)	0.78 (0.44)	<0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	5.25 (0.99)	5.48 (1.11)	<0.01	5.43 (1.06)	5.76 (1.12)	<0.001
hypersensitive C-reactive protein, mmol/L	1.24 (0.55,2.57)	1.86 (0.82, 3.43)	<0.001	1.18(0.40,2.26)	1.94(0.89,3.81)	<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	88.59 (16.95)	73,49 (26.76)	<0.001	100.97 (19.89)	85.69 (25.12)	<0.001
ACR (mg/g)	7.42 (4.77,11.35)	44.88(30.48,87.47)	<0.001	9.77 (6.71,14.67)	48.60 (34.99,90.83)	<0.001
LAPI (cm ·mmol/L)	40.42 (33.90)	53.73 (41.80)	<0.001	34.27 (27.33)	52.40 (36.76)	<0.001
VAI	1.38 (0.88,2.14)	1.67 (1.11,2.55)	<0.001	1.38 (0.94,2.17)	2.00 (1.19,3.04)	<0.001
TyG	8.68 (0.59)	8.94 (0.63)	<0.001	8.49 (0.54)	8.83 (0.60)	<0.001

Abbreviations: VAI, visceral adiposity index; LAPI, lipid accumulation product index; TyG, product of triacylglycerol and glucose; eGFR, the estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Showing Independent Predictors of CKD

Indices	Males				Females
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
LAPI
Q1(reference)	1		1		1		1
Q2	1.02(0.58–1.79)	0.930	0.85(0.44–1.66)	0.649	0.96(0.59–1.57)	0.895	0.65(0.37–1.14)	0.135
Q3	1.73(1.03–2.90)	0.037	1.25(0.56–2.78)	0.581	1.22(0.77–1.94)	0.383	0.63(0.32–1.23)	0.178
Q4	2.87(1.73–4.74)	<0.001	1.81(0.62–5.24)	0.272	2.45(1.57–3.81)	<0.001	0.86(0.34–2.19)	0.764
P for trend		<0.001		0.188		<0.001		0.700
TyG
Q1(reference)	1		1		1		1
Q2	1.85(0.97–3.52)	0.060	1.76(0.89–3.46)	0.102	1.56(0.95–2.56)	0.750	1.37(0.81–2.31)	0.241
Q3	2.07(1.12–3.80)	0.019	1.90(0.96–3.76)	0.065	1.90(1.17–3.07)	0.009	1.62(0.92–2.85)	0.094
Q4	3.65(2.04–6.52)	<0.001	2.81(1.25–6.30)	0.012	3.50(2.20–5.56)	<0.001	3.22(1.56–6.61)	0.001
P for trend		<0.001		0.018		<0.001		0.003
VAI
Q1(reference)	1		1		1		1
Q2	1.40(0.81–2.40)	0.224	1.31(0.71–2.49)	0.371	0.82(0.49–1.35)	0.442	0.64(0.36–1.12)	0.123
Q3	2.20(1.33–3.62)	0.002	1.92(0.95–3.86)	0.067	1.49(0.94–2.37)	0.089	0.95(0.51–1.76)	0.872
Q4	2.50(1.51–4.14)	<0.001	2.01(0.75–5.36)	0.164	2.13(1.37–3.32)	0.001	1.11(0.49–2.52)	0.797
P for trend		<0.001		0.089		<0.001		0.473

Note: Model1 adjust for age, education, physical activity, smoking, drinking. Model2 adjust for age, education, physical activity, smoking, drinking, BMI, waist circumference, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, VLDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC.

Abbreviations: VAI, visceral adiposity index; LAPI, lipid accumulation product index; TyG, product of triacylglycerol and glucose; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 3 The Areas Under ROC Curve (AUC), Sensitivity and Specificity by the Optimized Cut-off Points for Novel Indices in Predicting CKD

Risk Factors	AUC	Cut-Off Value	Youden’ Index	Sensitivity	Specificity
Male
VAI	0.586 (0.539–0.632)	1.21	0.163	0.729	0.434
TyG	0.618 (0.572–0.664)	8.74	0.182	0.594	0.588
LAPI	0.607 (0.560–0.654)	36.83	0.211	0.635	0.576
United predicted Model 1	0.753 (0.713–0.792)	0.22	0.398	0.598	0.800
Female
VAI	0.636 (0.600–0.673)	1.88	0.228	0.541	0.686
TyG	0.670 (0.636–0.705)	8.59	0.275	0.654	0.621
LAPI	0.670 (0.634–0.705)	37.49	0.274	0.598	0.676
United predicted Model 2	0.773 (0.741–0.806)	0.17	0.451	0.720	0.732

Notes: United predicted model 1 includes age, systolic pressure, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, TyG. United predicted model 2 includes age, diastolic pressure, VLDL-C, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, TyG.

Abbreviations: VAI, visceral adiposity index; LAPI, lipid accumulation product index; TyG, product of triacylglycerol and glucose; CKD, chronic kidney disease; AUC, area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve.

Figure 1 ROC curve analysis of the value of TyG, LAPI, VAI, united predicted model for predicting CKD in males.

Figure 2 ROC curve analysis of the value of TyG, LAPI, VAI, united predicted model for predicting CKD in females.