Prevalence and Correlates of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Regular Street Food Consumers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the procedures for the selection of street-food consumers in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania.

Table 1 Distribution of Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Regular Street Food Consumers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (N=560)

Characteristics	Total
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	42.7(11.4)
Age group (years)
25–34	163(29.1)
35–44	151(27.0)
45–54	164(29.3)
55–64	82(14.6)
Education
None	30(5.4)
Primary	440(78.6)
Secondary	65(11.6)
College	25(4.5)
Marital status
Single	67(12.0)
Married	419(74.8)
Widowed	12(2.1)
Divorced	15(2.7)
Separated	40(7.1)
Cohabiting	7(1.3)
Occupation
Employment without pay	2(0.4)
Self-employment	508(90.7)
Non-government employee	26(4.6)
Government employee	24(4.3)
Household monthly income (Tshs)
Median (IQR)	360,000 (240,000–600,000)
Household monthly income (USD)*
Median (IQR)	158.94 (106.0–264.9)

Notes: Values are n (percent) unless otherwise specified. *Exchange Rate= 1$: Tshs 2265.

Table 2 Prevalence of Cardio-Metabolic, Behavioural, Familial and Cumulative Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Among Street Food Consumers (N=560)

Type of Risk Factors	Number	Percent (95% CI)
Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Body mass index
Normal/underweight (<25.0 kg/m^2)	202	36.1(31.1–39.4)
Overweight/obese(≥25.0 kg/m^2)	358	63.9(60.6–69.9)
Blood Pressure (BP)
Normal BP (DBP<90 mmHg, SBP <140 mmHg, and not on medication for raised BP)	322	57.5(53.1–61.7)
Raised BP (DBP ≥90 mmHg, SBP ≥140 mmHg, or on medication for raised BP)	238	42.5(38.3–46.9)
Blood Glucose (BG)
Normal BG (<7 mmol/L) and not on medication for raised BG	509	93.4(90.6–95.1)
Raised BG (≥7 mmol/L) or on medication for raised BG	36	6.6(4.9–9.3)
Missing	15
Triglycerides (TG)
Normal TGs (<1.7 mmol/L) and not on medication for raised triglycerides	455	86.5(83.2–89.1)
Raised triglycerides(>1.7 mmol/L) or on medication for raised triglycerides	71	13.5(10.9–16.8)
Missing	34
Behavioural and familial risk factors
Alcohol consumption
Never	388	69.1(65.0–73.0)
Current/past	172	30.9(27.0–35.0)
Smoking cigarettes
Never	462	82.5(80.0–86.0)
Current/past	98	17.5(13.7–20.2)
Vegetable/fruit consumption
≥5 days/week	215	38.4(35.5–43.9)
<5 days/week	345	61.6(56.1–64.5)
Physical activity
Low physical activity (<600 MET/week)	138	24.6(21.7–29.2)
Moderate/high physical activity(≥600 MET/week)	422	75.4(70.8–78.3)
Common cooking oil used at home
Vegetable oil	355	64.1(59.4–67.7)
Non-vegetable oils	199	35.9(32.2–40.6)
Missing	6
Meals eaten outside/week
Mean (SD)	10.9(4.7)	10.9(10.4–11.4)
Family History of Diabetes
Yes	161	28.8(25.1–32.7)
No	399	71.2(67.3–74.9)
Summary of combined risk factors^Citation5*
Mean (SD) risks factors	3.8(1.5)	3.8(37–3.9)
Percentage with ≥3 risk factors aged 25–40 years (n=230)	165	71.7(65.5–77.2)
Percentage with ≥3 risk factors aged 40–64 years (n=330)	297	90.0(86.2–92.8)
Percentage with ≥3 risk factors aged 25–64 years (n=560)	462	82.5(79.1–85.4)

Notes: *The following 7 risk factors were included: Current/past-smokers, current/past-drinker, eat fruits and vegetables <5 days/week, low level of physical activity (<600 MET/week), overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m²), raised BP, and raised BG.⁵

Table 3 Factors Associated with Prevalence of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Regular Street Food Consumers (N=560)

Factor	Overweight/Obese		Raised Blood Pressure		Fasting Blood Glucose(FBG)		Triglycerides (TG)
	Unadjusted PR, 95% CI	Adjusted PR, 95% CI	Unadjusted PR, 95% CI	Adjusted PR, 95% CI	Unadjusted OR, 95% CI	Adjusted OR, 95% CI	Unadjusted PR, 95% CI	Adjusted PR, 95% CI
Sex
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref	Ref
Female	1.3(1.1–1.4)	1.3 (1.2–1.5)	1.0(0.8–1.2)		0.8(0.4–1.6)		0.7(0.5–1.1)	0.8(0.5–1.3)
Age group (years)
25–40	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
41–64	1.4(1.2–1.6)	1.4(1.2–1.6)	2.3(1.8–2.9)	2.2(1.7–2.9)	4.6(1.7–11.9)	3.9(1.5–10.5)	1.4(0.9–2.1)	1.2(0.7–1.9)
Education
Non/primary	1.03(0.9–1.2)		1.2(0.9–1.6)		0.8(0.3–1.8)		1.4(0.7–2.8)
Secondary/above	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	1.2(1.01–1.4)	1.2(1.01–1.4)	1.2(0.9–1.5)	1.0(0.8–1.2)	2.0(0.8–5.3)	1.4(0.5–3.9)	1.6(0.9–3.0)	1.5(0.8–2.8)
Others*	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Household monthly income
Low	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref
High	1.2(1.1–1.4)	1.2(1.04–1.3)	1.0(0.8–1.2)		1.4(0.7–2.8)		0.9(0.6–1.4)
Family history of diabetes
Yes	1.2(1.03–1.3)	1.1(1.01–1.3)	1.0(0.8–1.3)		1.4(0.7–2.9)		1.2(0.7–1.8)
No	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref
Alcohol
Current/past-drinker	1.0(0.9–1.1)		1.1(0.9–1.3		1.7(0.8–3.3)	1.4(0.7–2.8)	1.3(0.8–2.0)
Non-life drinker/never	Ref		Ref		Ref	Ref	Ref
Smoking
Current/past-smoker	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Non/-life smoker/never	1.3(1.1–1.6)	1.3(1.04–1.6)	1.0(0.8–1.3)		0.5(0.2–1.1)	0.8(0.3–1.7)	0.7(0.4–1.2)	0.8(0.5–1.4)
Fruit/vegetables
<5 days/week	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref
≥5 days/week	1.2(1.1–1.3)	1.1(1.03–1.2)	1.1(0.9–1.3)		1.1(0.6–2.3)		0.8(0.5–1.3)
Cooking oil
Vegetable oil	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref
Non-vegetable oil	0.9(0.8–1.03)	0.9(0.8–1.06)	0.9(0.7–1.1)	0.9(0.7–1.1)	0.7(0.3–1.4)		0.6(0.4–1.1)	0.6(0.4–1.1)
Physical activity (MET/week)
Low <600	1.1(0.9–1.2)		1.0(0.8–1.2)		1.0(0.5–2.2)		1.2(0.8–2.0)
High 600+	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Meals eaten outside home/per week
3–7 meals	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref
8–28 meals	1.1(0.9–1.3)	1.1(1.0–1.3)	1.0(0.8–1.2)		0.7(0.3–1.4)		0.8(0.5–1.2)

Notes: All covariates whose p-value at unadjusted analysis stage was not <0.2 were excluded in adjusted analysis models. *Single/divorced/separated/widow/widower.

Table 4 Factors Associated with Prevalence of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Regular Street Food Consumers (N=560)

Factors	Body Mass Index		Systolic Blood Pressure		Fasting Blood Glucose		Fasting Triglycerides
	Unadjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Adjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Unadjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Adjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Unadjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Adjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Unadjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI	Adjusted Beta Coefficient 95% CI
Sex
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref	Ref
Female	1.8(0.9–2.7)	1.8(0.8–2.8)	−0.8(−4.6–3.0)		−0.03(−0.2–0.2)		0.1(−0.04–0.2)	0.1(0.01–0.3)
Age group (years)
25–40	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref
41–64	1.1(0.1–2.0)	1.5(0.6–2.5)	4.2(0.4–7.9)	4.9(1.1–8.8)	0.1(−0.1–0.3)		0.2(0.05–0.3)	0.2(0.1–0.3)
Education
Non/primary	−0.5(−1.8–0.8)		1.4(−3.6–6.5)		0.1(−0.2–0.4)		0.05(−0.1–0.2)
Secondary/above	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	0.5(−0.7–1.6)		0.4(−4.0–4.8)		0.1(−0.2–0.3)		0.1(0.0–0.3)	0.1(−0.01–0.3)
Others*	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref	Ref
Household monthly income
Low	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref
High	1.03(0.1–2.0)	1.04(0.12–2.0)	1.6(−2.1–5.4)		0.01(−0.2–0.2)		−0.02(−0.1–0.1)
Family history of diabetes
Yes	1.8(0.8–2.9)	1.7(0.7–2.7)	−0.1(−4.2–4.0)		0.1(−0.1–0.4)		0.1(−0.1–0.2)
No	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref		Ref
Alcohol
Current/past-drinker	−0.4(−1.4–0.6)		−5.8((−9.8 to −1.7)	−5.8(−9.9 to −1.6)	0.1(−0.1–0.4)		0.1(−0.1–0.2)
Non-life drinker/never	Ref		Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref
Smoking
Current/past-smoker	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref
Non/-life smoker/never	1.3(0.01–2.5)	0.7(−0.6–2.0)	4.1(−0.8–9.0)	3.2(−1.9–8.3)	−0.04(−0.3–0.2)		−0.01(−0.2–0.2)
Fruit/vegetables
<5 days/week	Ref		Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref
≥5 days/week	−0.4(−1.4–0.5)		2.7(−1.1–6.5)	1.9(−2.0–5.7)	−0.1(−0.3–0.1)		−0.002(−0.1–0.12)
Cooking oil
Vegetable oil	Ref		Ref	Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref
Non-vegetable oil	−0.4(−1.4–0.6)		−3.4(−7.3–0.5)	−3.2(−7.0–0.7)	−0.2(−0.4–0.1)	−0.2(−0.4–0.05)	−0.1(−0.2–0.01)	−0.1(−0.2–0.01)
Physical activity(MET/week)
Low <600	−0.5(−1.6–0.6)		−2.0(−6.4–2.3)		−0.1(−0.3–0.2)		−0.01(−0.1–0.1)
High 600+	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Meals eaten outside home/per week
3–7 meals	Ref		Ref		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
8–28 meals	−0.6(−1.7–0.4)		0.7(−3.3–4.8)		−0.2(−0.4–0.04)	−0.2(−0.4–0.04)	−0.1(−0.2–0.2)	−0.1(−0.2–0.03)

Notes: All covariates whose p-value at unadjusted analysis stage was not <0.2 were excluded in adjusted analysis models. *Single/divorced/separated/widow/widower.

WHO. STEPs Survey Report of Risk Factors of Non Communicable Diseases ; 2012. Available from: https://www.Who.Int/Ncds/Surveillance/Steps/UR_Tanzania_2012_STEPS_Report.Pdf. Accessed 10 1 2017

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