Depression Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Hue City, Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1 Prevalence of Depression According to PHQ-9 Score

Prevalence of Depression by Using PHQ-9		Number (n)	Percentage (%)
Without depression		166	76.8
Depression	Mild	47	21.8
	Moderate	2	0.9
	Severe	1	0.5
Total		216	100

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants and Differences Between Depression and Without Depression Groups

Characteristics		Depression				Total	P
		Yes		No
		n	%	n	%
Age (year)	< 60	28	34.1	54	65.9	82	0.003
	≥ 60	22	16.4	112	83.6	134
Gender	Men	26	25.5	76	74.5	102	0.440
	Women	24	21.1	90	78.9	114
Ethnicity	Kinh	48	22.6	164	77.4	212	0.230
	Others	2	50.0	2	50.0	4
Religion	Buddhism	17	21.5	62	78.5	79	0.365
	Catholicism	6	37.5	10	62.5	16
	No religious spirits	27	22.3	94	77.7	121
Level of education	Secondary or less	36	21.4	132	78.6	168	0.262
	High school or higher	14	29.2	34	70.8	48
Marital status	Single/divorced/widowed	9	16.1	47	83.9	56	0.145
	Married	41	25.6	119	74.4	160
Place of living	Rural	28	2.7	90	76.3	118	0.824
	Urban	22	2.4	76	77.6	98
Economic status	Poor	15	40.5	22	59.5	37	0.006
	Average or rich	35	19.6	144	80.4	179
Job status	Stable job	6	30.0	14	70.0	20	0.032
	Unstable job	19	34.5	36	65.5	55
	Unemployment	25	17.7	116	82.3	141
Stress during the past year	Yes	6	75.0	2	25.0	8	0.002
	No	44	21.2	164	78.8	208

Table 3 Clinical Characteristics Associated with Depression in Participants

Characteristics		Depression				Total	P
		Yes		No
		n	%	n	%
Duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (years)	< 1	14	31.1	31	68.9	45	0.296
	1–3	13	18.6	57	81.4	70
	> 3	23	22.8	78	77.2	101
Glycemic control according to HbA1C	Good (HbA1C <7%)	14	21.2	52	78.8	66	0.655
	Poor (HbA1C≥7%)	36	24.0	114	76.0	150
Co-morbid diseases/complications	Yes	46	22.7	157	77.3	203	0.504
	No	4	30.8	9	69.2	13
Adherence to diabetic treatments	Good	27	18.2	121	81.8	148	0.029
	Poor/no adherence	12	35.3	22	64.7	34
Hypertension	Yes	33	27.3	88	72.7	121	0.105
	No	17	17.9	78	82.1	95
Cardiovascular diseases	Yes	9	28.1	23	71.9	32	0.470
	No	41	22.3	143	77.7	184
Retinopathy	Yes	1	33.3	2	66.7	3	0.548
	No	49	23.0	164	77.0	213
Infectious diseases	Yes	17	20.2	67	79.8	84	0.419
	No	33	25.0	99	75.0	132
Kidney diseases	Yes	7	36.8	12	63.2	19	0.157
	No	43	21.8	154	78.2	197
Peripheral neuropathies	Yes	3	37.5	5	62.5	8	0.391
	No	47	22.6	161	77.4	208
Others	Yes	28	24.6	86	75.4	114	0.603
	No	22	21.6	80	78.4	102
BMI	< 23 kg/m2	33	23.2	109	76.8	142	0.965
	≥ 23 kg/m2	17	23.0	57	77.0	74

Table 4 Association Between Health Behavior to Depression in the Participants

Characteristics		Depression				Total	P
		Yes		No
		n	%	n	%
Smoking cigarettes	No	34	20.9	129	79.1	163	0.349
	Yes	12	31.6	26	68.4	38
	Now quitting	4	26.7	11	73.3	15
Drinking alcohol	No	42	22.3	146	77.7	188	0.654
	Yes	5	26.3	14	73.7	19
	Now quitting	3	33.3	6	66.7	9
Physical activity	No	2	28.6	5	71.7	7	0.007
	Light	30	18.1	136	81.9	166
	Moderate	6	35.3	11	64.7	17
	Heavy	12	46.2	14	53.8	26
Duration of physical activity per day	≥ 30 minutes/day	36	25.2	107	74.8	143	0.264
	< 30 minutes/day	12	18.2	54	81.8	66
Duration of physical activity per week	Less than 3 days/week	12	50.0	12	50.0	24	0.003
	3–4 days/week	11	22.9	37	71.1	48
	≥ 5 days/week	25	18.2	112	81.8	137

Table 5 Multivariate Logistic Regression Model Predicting Co-Morbid Depression (PHQ-9 Score ≥10) by Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Health Behavior Factors

Characteristics		OR	95% CI	P
Age (years)	< 60	2.64	1.38–5.03	0.003
	≥ 60	1
Economic status	Poor	2.8	1.32–5.95	0.007
	Average or rich	1
Job status	Stable job	1.98	0.69–5.68	0.199
	Unstable/part time job	2.45	1.21–4.95	0.013
	Unemployment	1
Stress events during the past year	Yes	11.18	2.18–57.33	0.004
	No	1
Physical activity	Lightly	1
	No	1.81	0.33–9.79	0.489
	Moderately	2.47	0.84–7.21	0.097
	Heavily	3.88	1.63–9.24	0.002
Adherence to diabetic treatment	Good	1
	Poor/no adherence	2.44	1.07–5.53	0.032
Duration of physical activity per week	Less than 3 days/week	4.48	1.80–11.13	0.001
	3–4 days/week	1.33	0.59–2.96	0.483
	≥ 5 days/week	1