Diabetes-Related Distress Among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants (n=517)

Baseline Characteristics	n (%)
Age
<60	223(43.2)
≥60	294(56.8)
Gender
Male	181(35.0)
Female	336(65.0)
Timescale (years)
<5	220(42.6)
5–10	151(29.2)
>10	146(28.2)
Marital status
Married	314(60.7)
Single	203(39.3)
Education
Primary school	180(34.8)
Secondary school	137(26.5)
High school and higher	200(38.7)
Gross household income
High	13(2.5)
Medium	446(86.3)
Low	58(11.2)
Occupation
Retired/Housewife	372(72.0)
Worker	87(16.8)
Seller	58(11.2)
History of illness (Yes)	441(85.3)
Hypertension	292(66.2)
Dyslipidemia/Hypercholesterolemia	190(46.2)
Ischemic heart disease	121(37.9)
Musculoskeletal disorders	93(26.7)
Medication
Oral hypoglycemic drugs	373(72.2)
Insulin or combination	144(27.8)
HbA1c
<7%	163(31.5)
≥ 7%	354(68.5)
Complications (Yes)	86(16.6)
Retinopathy	29(5.6)
Peripheral vascular disease	22(4.3)
Neuropathy	21(4.1)
Nephropathy	14(2.6)

Table 2 Level of Diabetes Distress Scale-17 Items (DDS-17) (n=517)

Subscales	Level of Diabetes-Related Distress
	Yes	No
Total distress	152(29.4)	365(70.6)
Moderate	122(23.6)
High	30(5.8)
Emotional distress	234(45.3)	283(54.7)
Moderate	81(15.7)
High	153(29.6)
Regimen-related distress	168(30.6)	359(69.4)
Moderate	101(19.5)
High	57(11.1)
Physician-related distress	67(13.0)	450(87.0)
Moderate	28(5.4)
High	39(7.6)
Interpersonal distress	41(7.9)	476(92.1)
Moderate	11(2.1)
High	30(5.8)

Table 3 Associated Factors Between Total of Diabetes Distress and Characteristic of Participants (n=517)

Variable	Total Distress		p
	Yes (n= 152)	No (n=365)
Age
<60	81(53.3)	142(38.9)	0.003*
≥60	71(46.7)	223(61.1)
Gender
Male	54(35.5)	127(34.8)	0.874
Female	98(64.5)	238(65.2)
Timescale (Years)
<5	53(34.9)	167(45.8)
5–10	54(35.5)	97(26.6)	0.048*
>10	45(29.6)	101(27.6)
Marital status
Married	94(61.9)	220(60.3)	0.739
Single	58(38.2)	145(39.7)
Education
Primary school	50(32.9)	130(35.6)
Secondary school	41(26.9)	96(26.3)	0.834
High school and higher	61(40.2)	139(38.1)
Gross household income
High	6(3.9)	7(1.9)
Medium	123(80.9)	323(88.5)	0.067
Low	23(15.2)	35(88.6)
Occupation
Worker	31(20.4)	56(15.3)
Retired/Housewife	105(69.1)	267(73.2)	0.374
Seller	16(10.5)	42(11.5)
History of illness
Yes	135(88.8)	306(83.8)	0.145
No	17(11.2)	59(16.2)
Medication
Oral hypoglycemic drugs	98(64.5)	275(75.3)	0.012*
Insulin or combination	54(35.5)	90(24.7)
HbA1c
<7%	34(22.4)	129(35.3)	0.004*
≥ 7%	118(77.6)	236(64.7)
Complications
Yes	32(21.1)	54(14.8)	0.092
No	120(78.9)	311(85.2)

Notes: Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test used for comparison between total distress and characteristic of participants; *p<0.05.

Table 4 Results of Multiple Logistic Regression on Factors Associated with Components and Total Distress Diabetes (n=517)

Variable	Emotional Distress		Physician-Related Distress		Regimen-Related Distress		Interpersonal Distress		Total Distress
	OR (95%Cl)	p-value	OR (95%Cl)	p value	OR 95%Cl)	p value	OR (95%Cl)	p value	OR (95%Cl)	p value
Age
<60	Reference		-	-	Reference		Reference		Reference
≥60	0.7(0.4–0.9)	0.020*	-	-	0.5(0.3–0.8)	0.004*	0.7(0.3–1.54)	0.374	0.5(0.3–0.7)	0.001*
Timescale (Years)
<5	-		-	-	-		Reference		Reference
5–10	-		-	-	-	-	1.9(0.9–4.1)	0.073	1.8(1.1–2.9)	0.011*
>10	-		-	-	-		0.7(0.3–1.8)	0.432	1.4(0.8–2.4)	0.210
Marital status (single)	-		0.6 (0.3–0.9)	0.026*	-	-	-	-
Education
Primary school	0.5(0.3–0.8)	0.003*	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.006*	-	-	-	-
Secondary school	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	0.207	0.8 (0.4–1.4)	0.439	-	-	-	-
High school and higher	Reference		Reference		-	-	-	-
Occupation
Worker	-		-	-	Reference		Reference
Seller	-		-	-	0.4(0.2–0.9)	0.026*	0.3(0.1–1.1)	0.070
Retired/Housewife	-		-	-	0.5(0.3–0.9)	0.032*	0.4(0.2–0.8)	0.017*
Medication
Oral hypoglycemic drugs	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.018*	0.6 (0.4–1.1)	0.079	0.7(0.2–0.6)	0.159	-	-	0.6(0.4–1.1)	0.125
Insulin or combination	Reference		Reference		Reference		-	-	Reference
HbA1c (<7%)	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.030*	-	-	0.4(0.2–0.6)	<0.001**	0.4(0.2–0.9)	0.020*	0.5(0.3–0.9)	0.025*

Notes: “-” if multiple Logistic regression is not available, *p<0.05, **p<0.001.