Patterns of Calcium- and Chloride-Ion Disorders and Predictors among Obese Outpatient Adults in Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Other Characteristics of Participants (n=250)

	Categories	n	%
Age, years	≥50	140	56
	25–49	92	36.8
	<25	18	7.2
Sex	Female	120	48
	Male	130	52
Residence	Urban	120	48
	Rural	130	52
Occupation	Farmer	96	38.4
	Daily laborer	29	11.6
	Merchant	94	37.6
	Civil servant	31	12.4
Education	None	90	36
	Primary	57	22.8
	Secondary	45	18
	Higher	58	23.2
Marital status	Married	208	83.2
	Single	13	5.2
	Widowed	21	8.4
	Divorced	8	3.2
FBS (mg/dL)	<110	23	9.2
	≥110	227	90.8
Systolic blood pressure	<130	55	22
	≥130	195	78
Diastolic blood pressure	<85	88	35.2
	≥85	162	64.8
Alcohol consumption	Yes	52	20.8
	No	198	79.2
Khat chewer	Yes	76	30.4
	No	174	69.6
Sufficient fruit consumption	Yes	114	45.6
	No	136	54.4
Cigarette smoker	Yes	34	13.6
	No	216	86.4
Body-mass index (kg/m^2)	≥30	63	25.2
	25–29.9	79	31.6
	18.5–24.9	71	28.4
	<18.5	37	14.8

Table 2 Selected-electrolyte Status of Participants (n=250)

	Category	n	%
Chlorine	Hypochloremia	45	18
	Normal	199	79.6
	Hyperchloremia	6	2.4
Calcium	Hypocalcemia	24	9.6
	Normal	182	72.8
	Hypercalcemia	44	17.6

Table 3 Correlations Between Selected Serum Electrolytes and Predictors

	Ca^2+		Cl^–
	r	P	r	P
SBP	–0.056	0.037	0.61	0.025
DBP	0.021	0.035	–0.33	0.002
FBG	0.023	0.041	0.150	0.018
BMI	0.211	0.014	0.71	0.026
Hip circumference	–0.83	0.189	–0.071	0.215

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar.

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Hypochloremia

	Categories	Hypochloremia		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		Yes	No
Age, years	≥50	66	74	4.46 (2.26–15.62)*	3.58 (2.58–11.10)**
	25–49	36	56	3.21 (1.77–12.67)*	2.97 (0.67–13.18)
	<25	3	15	1	1
Residence	Urban	61	59	1.95 (1.84–2.84)*	1.08 (0.54–2.15)
	Rural	45	85	1	1
Education	None	49	41	1.92 (1.79–4.68)*	4.40 (0.91–9.61)
	Primary	25	32	1.69 (0.64–4.51)	1.91 (0.85–4.33)
	Secondary	17	28	2.29 (0.85–6.19)	1.74 (0.72–4.20)
	Higher	17	41	1	1
Alcohol consumption	Yes	28	24	1.75 (0.83–3.32)*	1.18 (0.57–2.31)
	No	79	119	1	1
Physically inactive	Yes	27	23	1.76 (0.62–2.11)*	2.11 (0.67–3.42)
	No	80	120	1
Diuretic use	Yes	61	46	2.79 (1.63–4.54)*	2.35 (1.31–4.23)**
	No	46	97	1	1
BMI	≥30	38	25	6.51 (2.31–14.62)*	6.82 (2.26–14.62)**
	25–29.9	33	46	3.07 (1.15–6.85)	4.74 (1.78–12.67)
	18.5–24.9	29	42	2.95 (1.08–6.65)	3.33 (1.24–8.90)
	<18.5	7	30	1	1

Notes: *P<0.25; **P<0.05; 1 = reference.

Table 5 Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with hypercalcemia

	Categories	Hypercalcemia		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		Yes	No
Sex	Female	31	89	2.03 (1.11–3.85)*	1.96 (0.65–3.82)
	Male	19	111	1	1
Residence	Urban	29	91	1.65 (0.84–2.84)*	1.08 (0.54–2.15)
	Rural	21	109	1	1
Education	None	20	70	2.08 (0.79–4.68)*	1.77 (0.69–4.55)
	Primary	12	45	1.94 (0.64–4.51)	1.69 (0.60–4.72)
	Secondary	12	33	2.64 (0.85–6.19)	2.89 (0.81–8.40)
	Higher	7	51	1	1
Physically inactive	Yes	35	15	3.88 (1.91–6.83)*	4.28 (1.71–10.44)**
	No	75	125	1	1
BMI	≥30	10	53	0.97 (0.33–2.64)*	9.21 (2.50–14.81)**
	25–29.9	19	60	1.63 (0.57–3.92)	8.32 (1.61–10.20)
	18.5–24.9	15	56	1.38 (0.45–3.32)	3.43 (1.35–7.10)
	<18.5	6	31	1	1

Notes: *P<0.25; **P<0.05; 1 = reference.