Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia and Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the Tianning Cohort

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants According to Obesity Status

Characteristics	Normal BMI		Obesity		P-value
	MHNO	MUNO	MHO	MUO
No. of participants	3037	1418	195	422
Age, years	47.1±15.4	59.2±12.6*	46.3±16.4^#	53.6±14.9*^#┼	<0.001
Sex, men (%)	1144(37.7)	642(45.3)*	99(50.8)*	216(51.2)*^#	<0.001
Cigarette smoking, n (%)
Current smoking	517(17.0)	335(23.6)*	45(23.1)*	120(28.4)*^#	<0.001
Past smoking	131(4.3)	90(6.4)*	12(6.2)	33(7.8)*	0.002
Never smoking	2389(78.7)	993(79.0)*	138(70.8)*	269(63.7)*^#	<0.001
Current drinking, n (%)	515(17.0)	282(19.9)*	35(18.0)	114(27.0)*^#┼	<0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	485(16.0)	839(59.2)*	47(24.1)*^#	248(58.8)*^┼	<0.001
Diabetic, n(%)	114(3.8)	370(26.1)*	3(1.5)*^#	83(19.7)*^#┼	<0.001
CVD, n (%)	95(3.1)	131(9.2)*	8(4.1)#	26(6.2)*^#	<0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2	22.4±2.6	24.7±2.0*	31.1±4.7*^#	30.5±2.4*^#	<0.001
Education level, years	11.35±3.96	9.70±3.42*	10.52±4.45^#	9.79±3.97*	<0.001
Serum uric acid,μmol/L	317±82	354±89*	364±93*	392±94*^#	<0.001
Hyperuricemia, n (%)	487(16.0)	446(31.5)*	75(38.5)*#	196(46.5)*^#	<0.001
CKD, n(%)	24(0.8)	15(1.1)	3(1.5)	12(2.8)*^#	0.002
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m^2.	136.44(119.39–155.01)	127.76(111.22–147.07)*	134.11(118.80–152.62)^#	128.64(110.88–149.30)*^┼	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	118.51±15.17	133.10±15.69*	124.07±15.03*^#	134.23±14.84*^┼	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	73.92±9.55	80.51±9.89*	76.80±9.36*^#	83.98±16.83*^#┼	<0.001
HDL_C, mmol/L	1.32 ±0.30	1.05±0.22*	1.22±0.28*^#	1.02±0.22*^#┼	<0.001
LDL_C, mmol/L	2.74±0.77	2.74±0.83	2.87±0.71*	2.83±0.86*	<0.001
TC, mmol/L	4.73±0.91	4.92±1.00*	4.72±0.83^#	5.01±0.95*^┼	<0.001
TG, mmol/L	1.32±0.78	2.51±1.50*	1.45±0.90*^#	2.72±1.41*^#┼	<0.001
Physical activity, MET-minutes/week, median (IQR)	2160(480–6720)	2400(720–6720)	2800(960–8400)	1940(280–7683)	0.321
PSQI score, median (IQR)	3(1–5)	3(2–5)*	3(1–5)	3(2–5)	0.007

Notes: Results were expressed with mean±SD, unless otherwise noted. *Compared with MHNO, P<0.05; ^#compared with MUNO, P<0.05; ^┼compared with MHO, P<0.05.

Abbreviations: MHNO, metabolically healthy non-obesity; MUNO, metabolically unhealthy non-obesity; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IQR, interquartile range; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL_C, HDL cholesterol; LDL_C, LDL cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Table 2 Multivariate * Adjusted Associations of Serum Uric Acid/Hyperuricemia with Obesity Related Phenotypes

Obesity Status	Serum UA			Hyperuricemia
	Average Level	β(SE)	P value	Prevalence	OR(95% CI)	P value
MHNO	316.68	Ref		487(16.04)	1.00(ref)
MUNO	354.23	36.30(2.46)	<0.001	446(31.45)	2.72(2.30–3.22)	<0.001
MHO	363.64	41.87(5.30)	<0.001	75(38.46)	3.32(2.40–4.60)	<0.001
MUO	391.51	63.18(3.77)	<0.001	196(46.45)	4.56(3.60–5.77)	<0.001

Notes: *Adjusting for sex, age, smoke, drink, education level, eGFR, physical activity and sleep quality. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum UA ≥7 mg/dl (420 mmol/L) in men or ≥6 mg/dl (360 mmol/L) in women.

Abbreviations: MHNO, metabolically healthy non-obesity; MUNO, metabolically unhealthy non-obesity; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity.

Figure 1 Casual association between uric acid and BMI.

Note: All of them HEIDI test P-value more than 0.05.
Abbreviations: bxy, regression effect size; IV SNPs, the number of SNPs being used as instrumental variables; s.e., standard error.