The Relationship Between the Metabolic Syndrome and the Place of Residence in the Local Community on the Example of the Janów Lubelski District in Eastern Poland: A Population-Based Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Approximate residential locations of participants, Janow Lubelski district, Poland.

Notes: (A) Europe; (B) Poland; (C) Lubelskie Voivodeship; (D), Janów Lubelski District

Figure 2 Study design.

Table 1 Characteristics of the Studied Group Concerning Gender and Place of Residence

		Woman (n=1765) ^a			Man (n=1281) ^a			Overall (n=3046) ^a
		Urban (n=633)	Rural (n=1132)	P	Urban (n=416)	Rural (n=865)	P	Urban (n=1049)	Rural (n=1998)	P
Demographic data:
Age, years		54.38±7.78	52.67±8.04	<0.001 ^b	53.69±8.43	53.16±7.8	0.267 ^b	52.84±8.4	52.0±8.05	0.002 ^b
University education		222 (35.1)	150 (13.3)	<0.001 ^c	97 (23.3)	59 (6.8)	<0.001 ^c	459 (33.8)	316 (12)	<0.001 ^c
In relationship		515 (81.4)	1007 (89)	<0.001 ^c	374 (89.9)	766 (88.6)	0.47 ^c	889 (84.7)	1773 (88.8)	<0.001 ^c
Lifestyle elements:
Smoking status	Yes	87 (13.7)	100 (8.8)	<0.001 ^c	95 (22.8)	184 (21.3)	0.74 ^c	231 (17)	403 (15)	0.01 ^c
	No	423 (66.8)	853 (75.4)		198 (47.6)	430 (49.7)		811 (59.7)	1731 (64.6)
	In the past	123 (19.5)	179 (15.8)		123 (29.6)	251 (29)		317 (23.3)	547 (20.4)
Physical activity (≥ 150 min a week)		242 (38.2)	446 (39.4)	0.63 ^c	188 (45.2)	413 (47.7)	0.39 ^c	430 (41)	859 (43)	0.29 ^c
Metabolic syndrome elements:
FBG (≥ 100 mg/dl)		223 (35.2)	445 (39.3)	0.09 ^c	152 (36.5)	367 (42.4)	0.04 ^c	452 (33.3)	1069 (39.9)	<0.001 ^c
Blood pressure (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg)		404 (63.8)	804 (71)	0.002 ^c	341 (82)	765 (88.4)	0.002 ^c	919 (67.6)	2011 (75)	<0.001 ^c
Triglyceride (≥ 150 mg/dl)		187 (29.5)	260 (23)	0.002 ^c	182 (43.8)	368 (42.5)	0.68 ^c	369 (35.2)	628 (31.4)	0.04 ^c
HDL-cholesterol (women < 50 mg/dl; man < 40 mg/dl)		119 (18.8)	205 (18.1)	0.72 ^c	50 (12)	84 (9.7)	0.21 ^c	169 (16.1)	289 (14.5)	0.23 ^c
WC (women ≥ 88 cm; man ≥ 102 cm)		361 (57)	725 (64.1)	0.004 ^c	175 (42.1)	391 (45.2)	0.29 ^c	618 (45.5)	1352 (50.4)	0.003 ^c
Metabolic syndrome		216 (34.1)	441 (39)	0.04 ^c	154 (37)	369 (42.7)	0.05 ^c	370 (35.3)	810 (40.6)	0.005 ^c

Notes: ^a Mean ± SD or percentages are listed; ^b p-values calculated using Student’s t-test; ^c p-values calculated using chi-square (categorical variables).

Abbreviations: FGB, fasting plasma glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference.

Table 2 Relationship Between Place of Residence and the Occurrence of MetS and Its Elements by Gender

Metabolic Syndrome Elements		Crude			Model A			Model B			Model C
		OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Female
FBG (≥ 100 mg/dl)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.19	[0.97–1.46]	0.09	1.23	[1.00–1.50]	0.049	1.24	[1.00–1.54]	0.046	1.24	[1.00–1.54]	0.049
Blood pressure (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.40	[1.13–1.71]	0.002	1.61	[1.30–2.04]	<0.001	1.48	[1.18–1.86]	0.001	1.49	[1.19–1.88]	0.001
Triglyceride (≥ 150 mg/dl)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	0.71	[0.57–0.87]	0.002	0.76	[0.61–0.95]	0.016	0.74	[0.59–0.94]	0.014	0.73	[0.58–0.92]	0.009
HDL-cholesterol (women < 50 mg/dl; man < 40 mg/dl)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	0.96	[0.74–1.28]	0.72	0.97	[0.76–1.25]	0.834	0.90	[0.69–1.18]	0.460	0.89	[0.69–1.16]	0.385
WC (women ≥ 88 cm; man ≥ 102 cm)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.34	[1.10–1.64]	0.004	1.62	[1.31–2.00]	<0.001	1.46	[1.17–1.83]	<0.001	1.44	[1.15–1.80]	0.002
Metabolic syndrome	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.23	[1.01–1.51	0.04	1.38	[1.12–1.70]	0.003	1.27	[1.09–1.58]	0.034	1.25	[1.01–1.56]	0.044
Male
FBG (≥ 100 mg/dl)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.28	[1.01–1.62	0.045	1.30	[1.02–1.65]	0.035	1.31	[1.02–1.69]	0.03	1.31	[1.02–1.68]	0.036
Blood pressure (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.68	[1.22–2.33]	0.002	1.71	[1.23–2.37]	0.001	1.69	[1.20–2.37]	0.002	1.69	[1.20–2.37]	0.002
Triglyceride (≥ 150 mg/dl)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	0.95	[0.75–1.21]	0.68	0.95	[0.75–1.20]	0.66	0.97	[0.76–1.24]	0.790	0.97	[0.76–1.24]	0.802
HDL-cholesterol (women < 50 mg/dl; man < 40 mg/dl)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	0.79	[0.54–1.14]	0.21	0.80	[0.55–1.16]	0.23	0.83	[0.56–1.22]	0.34	0.83	[0.56–1.22]	0.349
WC (women ≥ 88 cm; man ≥ 102 cm)	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.14	[0.90–1.44]	0.29	1.17	[0.92–1.48]	0.21	1.16	[0.90–1.48]	0.250	1.17	[0.91–1.50]	0.224
Metabolic syndrome	Urban areas	1			1			1			1
	Rural areas	1.27	[0.999–1.61	0.05	1.29	[1.01–1.64]	0.04	1.30	[1.01–1.66]	0.044	1.30	[1.01–1.67]	0.042

Notes: Model A: adjusted for age; Model B: adjusted for age, education and smoking status; Model C: adjusted for age, education, smoking status, marital status and physical activity.

Abbreviations: As in Table 1; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals.