A Compendium of Perspectives on Diabetes: A Challenge for Sustainable Health in the Modern Era

Figures & data

Table 1 Diagnosis of Diabetes

2-h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) during OGTT using a 75-g oral glucose load.

OR

FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). Fasting means no caloric intake for at least 8 h.

OR

In a patient with classical symptoms of hyperglycemia, random plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).

OR

HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%).

Abbreviations: 2-h PG, 2-hour plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Figure 1 Classification of diabetes.

Figure 2 Number of people with diabetes globally in 2019, 2030 and 2045 (in millions).

Notes: Data from IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF diabetes atlas, 9th edn. Brussels and Belgium; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed May 11, 2021.²

Figure 3 Number of diabetic people in 2019 (in millions).

Notes: Data from IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF diabetes atlas, 9th edn. Brussels and Belgium; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed May 11, 2021.²

Figure 4 Number of diabetic people by 2030 (in millions).

Note: Data from IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF diabetes atlas, 9th edn. Brussels and Belgium; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed May 11, 2021.²

Figure 5 Number of diabetic people by 2045 (in millions).

Notes: Data from IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF diabetes atlas, 9th edn. Brussels and Belgium; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed May 11, 2021.²

Figure 6 World healthcare expenditure (in billion/b) on diabetes (2007–2019).

Notes: Data from IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th Edn. Brussels and Belgium; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed May 11, 2021² and International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 8th Edition. IDF Executive Office; 2017. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed May 11, 2021.⁴

Figure 7 Percentage of total diabetes-related health expenditure in 2019 by region.²

Table 2 IDF Recommended Nutritional Diet

S. No.	Recommendations
1)	Eating up to three servings of fresh fruit every day.
2)	Limiting alcohol intake to a maximum of two standard drinks per day.
3)	Eating at least three servings of vegetables every day, including green leafy vegetables.
4)	Choosing lean cuts of white meat, poultry or seafood instead of eating processed meat.
5)	Choosing nuts, a piece of fresh fruit or unsweetened yoghurt for a snack.
6)	Choosing unsaturated fats (olive oil, canola oil, corn oil or sunflower oil) instead of saturated fats (butter, ghee, animal fat, coconut oil or palm oil).
7)	Choosing peanut butter instead of chocolate spread or jam.
8)	Choosing whole-grain bread, brown rice, or whole-grain pasta instead of white bread, rice, or pasta.
9)	Choosing water, coffee or tea instead of fruit juice, soda or other sugar sweetened beverages.

IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF diabetes atlas, 9th edn. Brussels and Belgium; 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed 5 11, 2021.

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International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas 8th edition. IDF Executive Office; 2017. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed 5 11, 2021.

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