The Mental Status in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Admitted to a Diabetes Clinic After Presenting in the Emergency Room: The Application of the SCL-90 Scale

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Patients with DM

Parameters	Patients with DM (N = 1419)
Age (years)^a	53.61 (±12.61)
Sex [M]^c	633 (44.6%)
Type 2 DM ^c	1236 (87.1%)
Duration of DM (years) ^b	10.00 (8.00–14.00)
Alcohol consumption^c	396 (27.9%)
Smoking^c	558 (39.3%)
Cardiovascular disease^c	420 (29.6%)
Chronic kidney disease^c	342 (24.1%)
BMI (kg/m^2)^b	28.00 (24.00–31.00)
Waist circumference (cm)^b	100.00 (85.00–108.00)
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^b	185.00 (159.00–220.00)
HDLc (mg/dL)^b	46.00 (36.00–57.00)
LDLc (mg/dL)^b	108.00 (83.20–140.60)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^b	112.00 (87.00–160.00)
Glucose control
Fasting glycemia (mg/dL)^b	153.00 (117.00–221.00)
Postprandial glycemia (mg/dL)^b	200.00 (130.00–233.00)
HbA1c (%)^b	9.00 (8.40–10.00)
Complications of DM
Diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy^c	750 (52.9%)
Diabetic arteriopathy^c	120 (8.4%)
Diabetic retinopathy^c	294 (20.7%)
Pancreatitis^c	96 (6.8%)
Cholelithiasis^c	192 (13.5%)
Neurological
MMSE score^b	24.00 (19.00–30.00)
Previous stroke^c	57 (4%)
Dementia^c	87 (6.1%)

Notes: ^aContinuous variables (with Gaussian distribution) are indicated by their mean (standard deviation); ^bcontinuous variables (with non-Gaussian distribution) are indicated by their median (interquartile range); ^ccategorical variables are presented by absolute frequency (percentage) in the sample.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 2 Presence of Moderate Psychiatric Disorders

SCL-90 Categories^a	Patients with DM (N = 1419)
Somatization	9 (0.6%)
Obsessive-compulsive	336 (23.7%)
Sensitivity	345 (24.3%)
Depression	216 (15.2%)
Anxiety	42 (3%)
Hostility	150 (10.6%)
Phobic/anxious	0 (0%)
Paranoid ideation	225 (15.9%)
Psychoticism	3 (0.2%)

Note: ^aCategorical variables are presented by absolute frequency (percentage) in the sample.

Abbreviations: SCL, symptom checklist; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Lipid and Glycemic Profile in Patients with DM and Psychiatric Disorders Compared to Patients with DM and No Psychiatric Disorders

Parameter^a	Patients with DM and Psychiatric Disorders	Patients with DM without Psychiatric Disorders	p-value^b
Number (%)	705 (49.7%)	714 (50.3%)	–
Age (years)	62.00 (54.00–65.00)	46.50 (38.50–54.00)	<0.001
Duration of DM (years)	11.00 (8.00–14.00)	9.00 (7.00–11.50)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.00 (25.00–31.00)	27.00 (23.00–31.00)	0.029
WC (cm)	100.00 (91.00–109.00)	93.00 (80.00–107.00)	<0.001
Fasting glycemia (mg/dL)	188.00 (134.00–248.00)	132.00 (97.00–180.00)	<0.001
Postprandial glycemia (mg/dL)	212.00 (170.00–250.00)	158.00 (120.00–216.00)	0.001
HbA1c (%)	9.00 (8.40–10.20)	8.80 (8.25–9.65)	0.003
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	125.00 (95.00–168.00)	110.00 (84.00–137.00)	<0.001
HDLc (mg/dL)	40.00 (35.00–56.00)	48.00 (36.00–60.00)	<0.001
LDLc (mg/dL)	111.40 (83.20–140.60)	105.80 (88.00–151.40)	0.370

Notes: ^aContinuous variables (with non-Gaussian distribution) are indicated by their median (interquartile range); ^bindependent samples, Mann–Whitney U-test.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Predictors of Moderate to Severe Mental Disorders in Patients with DM (Multivariate Logistic Regression Model; Nagelkerke R² = 0.442)

Variable Predictor	Crude OR	95% CI		Adjusted OR	95% CI
		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Duration of DM*	1.093	1.065	1.123	1.120	1.084	1.158
BMI	1.023	1.002	1.045	1.031	0.980	1.085
WC*	1.017	1.011	1.023	1.036	1.022	1.050
Alcohol consumption*	1.706	1.348	2.159	2.390	1.612	3.544
Smoking*	2.241	1.802	2.788	2.499	1.805	3.459
Fasting glycemia*	1.010	1.008	1.012	1.010	1.007	1.012
Postprandial glycemia*	1.006	1.005	1.007	1.006	1.003	1.008
HbA1c	1.000	0.988	1.012	1.070	0.962	1.191
Triglycerides	0.997	0.996	1.001	1.023	0.993	1.121
HDLc	0.916	0.909	0.923	0.996	0.993	0.998
LDLc	1.003	1.001	1.006	1.024	1.014	1.034

Note: *Predictor variable is significant both independently and as a co-factor.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.