Diabetes Concordant Comorbidities and Associated Factors Among Adult Diabetic Out-Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia: a Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Adult Diabetic Out-Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Age in years	18–24	49	15.3
	25–34	41	12.9
	35–54	126	39.5
	≥55	103	32.2
Sex	Male	170	53.2
	Female	149	46.8
Residence	Urban	173	54.2
	Rural	146	45.8
Types of payment	Fee waivers	149	46.7
	Out of pocket	170	53.3

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of Adult Diabetic Out-Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Body mass index	Overweight/obese	69	21.63
	Normal/underweight	250	78.37
Glycemic control	Controlled	136	42.63
	Uncontrolled	183	57.37
Types of DM	Type I DM^a	87	27.27
	Type II DM^b	232	72.73
Duration of treatment in years	≤ 1	33	10.34
	2–5	109	34.17
	6–10	108	33.86
	>10	69	21.63
Treatment for DM	Insulin	120	37.62
	Oral hypoglycemic agents	129	40.44
	Both	70	21.94
Oral hypoglycemic agents	Metformin	103	51.76
	Glibenclimide	6	3.02
	Both	90	45.23
Treatment of hypertension	Yes	112	35.11
	No	308	96.55
Anti-hypertensive drugs	ACEI^c	44	39.29
	Angiotensin receptor blocker	2	1.79
	Beta blockers	1	0.89
	Diuretics	12	10.71
	Calcium channel blockers	10	8.93
	More than one medication	43	38.39
Primary prophylaxis for CVD	Yes	81	25.39
	No	238	74.61
Urine dipstick protein	Negative	264	82.76
	+1	35	10.97
	+2	15	4.70
	+3	5	1.57
Treatment of ischemic heart disease	Yes	22	6.90
	No	297	93.10
Treatment of Stroke	Yes	11	3.45
	No	172	80.4
Echocardiography feature of ischemia	Yes	19	5.96
	No	300	4.04

Notes: ^aType 1 diabetes mellitus, ^btype 2 diabetes mellitus, ^cangiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

Figure 1 Distribution of comorbid diseases among adult diabetic out-patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital.

Table 3 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Associated with Concordant Comorbidities Among Adult Diabetic Out-Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital

Variables		DM^a Concordant Comorbidity		COR^b (95% CI^c)	AOR^d(95% CI)
		No	Yes
Age in years	18–24	45 (31.91)	4(2.25)	1	1
	25–34 years	32 (22.70)	9(5.06)	3.16 (0.89, 11.18)	1.63 (0.39, 6.77)
	35–54 years	50 (35.46)	76(42.70)	17.1(5. 78, 50.51)	3.40 (0.67, 17.37)
	≥55 years	14 (9.93)	89(50.00)	7.51 (20.25, 40.88)	7.52(1.24, 45.75)
Residence	Urban	68(48.23)	105(58.99)	1	1
	Rural	73 (51.77)	73(41.01)	1.54(0.1.14, 2.10)	0.79(0.43, 1.46)
Types of DM	T1DM	74 (52.48)	13(7.30)	1	1
	T2DM	67(47.52)	165(92.70)	114.01 (0.7.29, 26.97)	9.01 (1.50, 54.04)
Duration of treatment in a year	≤ 1	18 (12.77)	15(8.43)	0.125 (0.05, 0.33)	0.28 (0.075, 1.08)
	2–5	75 (53.19)	34(19.10)	0.068 (0.03, 0.15)	0.23 (0.08, 0.69)
	6–10	39 (27.66)	69(38.76)	0.26 (0.11 21. 0.59)	0.61 (0.22, 1.70)
	≥10	9(6.38)	60(33.71)	1	1
Treatment for DM	Insulin	77 (54.61)	43(24.16)	1	1
	Oral hypoglycemic agents	47(33.33)	82(46.07)	3.12 (1.86, 5.24)	0.63(0.14, 2.77)
	Both	17(12.06)	53(29.78)	5.58 (2.88, 10.82)	0.36 (0.08, 1.62)
Glycemic control	Controlled	94(66.67)	42(23.60)	1	1
	Uncontrolled	47(33.33)	136(76.40)	6.48(3.96, 10.59)1	4.4 1(2.34, 8.32)

Notes: ^aDiabetes mellitus, ^bcrude odd ratio, ^cconfidence interval, ^dadjusted odd ratio.