The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Glycation Variation Index and Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of All Participants

	Subjects (n=347)
Gender	Male(186, 53.60%)
Smoking	(112, 33.2%)
Drinking	(107, 30.8%)
Age	58.13±12.13
DM duration	10.00 (4.00, 15.00)
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.73 (22.89, 27.74)
SBP (mmHg)	133.00 (121.00, 147.00)
DBP(mmHg)	89.00 (80.00, 98.00)
ALT (U/L)	17.80 (13.90, 23.20)
AST (U/L)	19.00 (16.30, 22.80)
TC (mmol/L)	4.68 (3.93, 5.41)
TG (mmol/L)	1.38 (0.98, 1.94)
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.92 (2.24, 3.50)
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.10 (0.93, 1.34)
FBG (mmol/L)	7.94 (6.41, 10.45)
SCr (mmol/L)	68.20 (60.50, 74.90)
BUN (mmol/L)	5.10 (4.12, 5.90)
UA (mmol/L)	283.00 (237.08, 335.35)
HbA1c (%)	8.40 (7.30, 10.00)
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	16.39 (12.79, 20.64)
HGI	−0.44 (−1.26, 0.98)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Scr: scrum creatinine; BUN: urea nitrogen; UA: uric acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HGI: hemoglobin glycosylation index.

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of All Patients with T2DM with and without Vitamin D Deficiency

	Vitamin D Deficiency N=252	No Vitamin D Deficiency N=95	P
Gender	Male (120, 47.62%)	Male (66, 69.47%)	<0.001*
Smoking	(71, 28.17%)	(39, 41.05%)	0.022*
Drinking	(67, 26.59%)	(38, 40.00%)	0.015*
Age	57.64±12.56	59.06±10.90	0.331
DM duration	10 (3,15)	10 (5,15)	0.516
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.83 (22.86, 27.74)	25.53±3.57	0.582
SBP (mmHg)	135.39±19.69	130.00 (121.00, 146.00)	0.399
DBP(mmHg)	81.00 (74.25, 91.00)	80.00 (74.00, 86.00)	0.135
ALT (U/L)	18.35 (14.00, 24.75)	16.90 (13.10, 21.50)	0.112
AST (U/L)	19.00 (16.33, 22.55)	18.80 (16.30, 22.80)	0.513
TC (mmol/L)	4.68 (3.94, 5.43)	4.56 (3.87, 5.35)	0.489
TG (mmol/L)	1.43 (1.00, 1.97)	1.21 (0.90, 1.84)	0.112
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.91 (2.22, 3.52)	2.94 (2.27, 3.41)	0.938
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.09 (0.93, 1.34)	1.17 (0.93, 1.35)	0.429
FBG (mmol/L)	8.11 (6.45, 10.50)	7.63 (6.26, 9.91)	0.205
SCr (mmol/L)	66.62 (59.55, 74.15)	73.60 (64.00, 77.50)	0.001*
BUN (mmol/L)	5.04 (4.02, 5.95)	5.21 (4.31, 5.76)	0.511
UA (mmol/L)	275.22 (233.85, 336.59)	291.75 (254.20, 332.30)	0.042*
HbA1c (%)	8.70 (7.50, 10.60)	7.90 (6.90, 8.60)	<0.001*
HGI	−0.17 (−1.18, 1.30)	−0.95 (−1.44, −0.21)	<0.001*
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	14.61 (11.45, 17.06)	23.30 (21.42, 25.82)	<0.001*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Scr, scrum creatinine; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HGI, emoglobin glycosylation index.

Figure 1 Comparisons of HGI in No vitamin D deficiency group and Vitamin D deficiency group.(A) Comparisons of HGI in No vitamin D deficiency group and Vitamin D deficiency group in all participants. (B) Comparisons of HGI No vitamin deficiency group and Vitamin D deficiency group in female participants. (C) Comparisons of HGI in No vitamin deficiency group and Vitamin D deficiency group in male participants. *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 3 Clinical Characteristics of All Patients with T2DM in the High and Low HGI Groups

	High HGI (n=167)	Low HGI (n=180)	P
Gender	Male (72, 43.11%)	Male (114, 66.33%)	<0.001*
Smoking	(44, 26.35%)	(66, 36.67%)	0.039*
Drinking	(39, 23.35%)	(66, 36.67%)	0.007*
Age	57.38±12.80	58.63±11.47	0.338
DM duration	8 (2, 19)	10 (5, 15)	0.486
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.22 (22.57, 27.47)	25.99 (23.29, 28.08)	0.056
SBP (mmHg)	136.29±20.24	132.00 (121.00, 145.00)	0.219
DBP(mmHg)	81.00 (75.00, 89.00)	80.00 (74.00, 88.00)	0.697
ALT (U/L)	18.40 (12.60, 24.50)	17.40 (14.50, 22.60)	0.872
AST (U/L)	18.70 (16.00, 22.30)	19.00 (16.62, 22.80)	0.388
TC (mmol/L)	4.65 (3.90, 5.38)	4.76±1.13	0.731
TG (mmol/L)	1.30 (0.97, 1.90)	1.44 (1.05, 1.98)	0.177
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.81±1.16	2.96 (2.32, 3.51)	0.293
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.11 (0.93, 1.35)	1.09 (0.93, 1.33)	0.621
FBG(mmol/L)	8.06 (6.10, 10.83)	7.78 (6.52, 10.11)	0.842
SCr (mmol/L)	65.00 (58.60, 72.90)	70.45 (63.08, 76.52)	<0.001*
BUN (mmol/L)	5.04 (4.00, 5.83)	5.14 (4.20, 5.90)	0.537
UA (mmol/L)	254.82 (227.80, 315.00)	295.11 (256.29, 351.41)	<0.001*
HbA1c (%)	10.23±1.68	7.40 (6.50,8.20)	<0.001*
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	15.39±4.78	18.27±5.94	<0.001*
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency	140 (83.83%)	112 (62.22%)	<0.001*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Scr, scrum creatinine; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Figure 2 Comparisons of 25(OH)D levels and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the High HGI group and Low HGI group for all participants (A). Comparisons of 25(OH)D levels in the High HGI group and Low HGI group for all participants. (B) Comparisons of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the High HGI group and Low HGI group for all participants. *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 4 Clinical Characteristics of Male and Female Patients with T2DM

	Female (n=161)	Male (n=186)	P
Gender	60.20±11.89	56.15±12.05	0.002*
DM duration	10 (4.00, 17.00)	10 (3.75, 15.00)	0.573
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.30 (22.48, 29.68)	25.91±3.55	0.053
SBP (mmHg)	133.00 (120.00, 148.75)	133.00 (121.75, 146.25)	0.941
DBP(mmHg)	80.00 (72.00, 87.00)	82.00 (75.75, 90.25)	0.032*
ALT (U/L)	17.00 (13.15, 23.05)	18.45 (14.58, 24.43)	0.107
AST (U/L)	19.20 (16.30, 23.05)	18.70 (16.40, 22.10)	0.493
TC (mmol/L)	4.87 (3.94, 5.70)	4.57±1.15	0.013*
TG (mmol/L)	1.33 (1.00, 1.82)	1.43 (0.98, 2.09)	0.277
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.01±1.12	2.87 (2.16, 3.35)	0.038*
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.19 (1.02, 1.44)	1.02 (0.89, 1.27)	<0.001*
FBG(mmol/L)	8.00 (6.50, 10.86)	7.89 (6.22, 10.06)	0.516
SCr (mmol/L)	61.82 (54.32, 68.30)	72.90 (67.20, 77.50)	<0.001*
BUN (mmol/L)	5.00 (4.00, 5.80)	5.17 (4.35, 5.99)	0.129
UA (mmol/L)	259.90 (224.25, 301.20)	297.95 (254.02, 362.76)	<0.001*
HbA1c (%)	8.70 (7.65, 10.80)	8.15(7.08,9.50)	<0.001*
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	14.68 (11.75, 18.55)	18.22±5.70	<0.001*
HGI	−0.48 (−0.95, 1.41)	−0.76 (−0.51, 0.44)	<0.001*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Scr, scrum creatinine; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HGI, hemoglobin glycosylation index.

Table 5 Clinical Characteristics of Male and Female Patients with T2DM with and without Vitamin D Deficiency

	Male Participants			Female Participants
	Vitamin D Deficiency N=120	No Vitamin D Deficiency N=66	P	Vitamin D Deficiency N=132	No Vitamin D Deficiency N=29	P
Smoking	(68, 56.7%)	(39, 59.1%)	0.749
Drinking	(64, 53.3%)	(38, 57.6%)	0.578
Age	55.43±12.71	57.47±10.69	0.269	59.66±12.11	65.00 (56.50, 69.50)	0.136
DM duration	9.50 (3.00, 15.00)	10.00 (4.00, 15.00)	0.662	10.00 (3.00, 17.00)	10.00 (5.00, 15.50)	0.552
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.17±3.42	25.44±3.74	0.182	25.15 (22.41, 27.18)	25.75±3.19	0.369
SBP (mmHg)	135.80±19.13	130.00 (121.00, 145.25)	0.269	135.01±20.26	129.00 (121.00, 156.50)	0.938
DBP(mmHg)	84.41±11.99	81.50 (74.00, 86.25)	0.045*	80.00 (72.00, 88.00)	79.00 (71.50, 85.50)	0.468
ALT (U/L)	18.85 (15.13, 26.45)	17.60 (12.98, 21.88)	0.178	17.80 (13.03, 24.10)	16.29±4.43	0.168
AST (U/L)	18.70 (16.40, 22.10)	18.70 (16.08, 22.85)	0.786	19.30 (16.30, 23.25)	18.80 (16.40, 22.65)	0.641
TC (mmol/L)	4.61 (3.97, 5.20)	4.47±1.10	0.311	4.93 (3.92, 5.69)	4.84 (4.39, 6.16)	0.348
TG (mmol/L)	1.52 (1.07, 2.27)	1.17 (0.87, 1.91)	0.024*	1.34 (0.97, 1.83)	1.31 (1.04, 1.82)	0.934
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.89 (2.14, 3.43)	2.73±0.95	0.872	2.98±1.07	3.17±1.30	0.390
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.02 (0.89, 1.24)	1.04 (0.88, 1.31)	0.669	1.17 (0.99, 1.39)	1.32 (1.10, 1.59)	0.019*
FBG (mmol/L)	8.10(6.28,10.33)	7.57 (6.08, 9.94)	0.314	8.11 (6.49, 10.93)	8.29±2.81	0.548
SCr (mmol/L)	72.05 (66.75, 77.09)	73.85 (68.30, 77.80)	0.227	61.72±8.58	63.48±10.78	0.340
BUN (mmol/L)	5.06 (4.16, 6.28)	5.24±1.13	0.854	5.00 (3.97, 5.79)	5.01 (4.01, 6.17)	0.689
UA (mmol/L)	310.23±93.52	298.05 (272.23, 338.00)	0.682	252.61 (221.66, 302.01)	264.74 (231.20, 306.24)	0.358
HbA1c (%)	8.40 (7.20, 9.70)	7.85 (6.65, 8.80)	0.062	9.20 (7.90, 10.90)	8.10±1.42	0.001*
HGI	−0.70 (−1.55, 0.77)	−0.92 (−1.41, −0.20)	0.158	0.36 (−0.76, 1.69)	−0.97 (−1.53, −0.16)	<0.001*
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	15.59 (12.16, 17.64)	23.43 (21.84, 26.42)	<0.001*	13.60±3.47	22.64 (20.96, 24.89)	<0.001*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Scr, scrum creatinine; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HGI, hemoglobin glycosylation index.

Figure 3 Comparisons of HGI levels and 25(OH)D levels in female group and male group for all participants. (A) Comparisons of HGI levels in female group and male group for all participants. (B) Comparisons of the 25(OH)D levels in female group and male group for all participants. *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 6 Correlation Between Vitamin D and Other Factors in Patients with T2DM

		All Participants	Female Participants	Male Participants
		Vitamin D (ng/mL)	Vitamin D (ng/mL)	Vitamin D(ng/mL)
Gender	r-value	−0.001	0.083	0.041
	P-value	0.991	0.296	0.574
DM duration	r-value	0.035	0.030	0.078
	P-value	0.520	0.708	0.291
BMI	r-value	0.012	0.014	−0.045
	P-value	0.812	0.866	0.542
SBP (mmHg)	r-value	−0.049	0.061	−0.136
	P-value	0.036	0.447	0.064
DBP (mmHg)	r-value	−0.044	0.041	−0.163
	P-value	0.416	0.607	0.026*
ALT (U/L)	r-value	−0.076	−0.063	−0.124
	P-value	0.159	0.431	0.091
AST (U/L)	r-value	−0.011	0.010	0.011
	P-value	0.844	0.901	0.883
TC (mmol/L)	r-value	−0.013	0.056	−0.032
	P-value	0.811	0.477	0.663
TG (mmol/L)	r-value	−0.120	−0.135	−0.160
	P-value	0.026*	0.087	0.029*
LDL-C (mmol/L)	r-value	−0.019	0.016	−0.010
	P-value	0.723	0.839	0.887
HDL-C (mmol/L)	r-value	0.088	0.214	0.112
	P-value	0.101	0.007*	0.127
FBG (mmol/L)	r-value	−0.032	0.007	−0.061
	P-value	0.554	0.927	0.405
SCr (mmol/L)	r-value	0.235	0.056	0.127
	P-value	<0.001*	0.479	0.084
BUN (mmol/L)	r-value	0.133	0.084	0.122
	P-value	0.013*	0.292	0.098
UA (mmol/L)	r-value	0.151	0.046	0.082
	P-value	0.005*	0.558	0.265
HbA1c (%)	r-value	−0.218	−0.252	−0.117
	P-value	<0.001*	0.001*	0.110
HGI	r-value	−0.225	−0.293	−0.090
	P-value	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.223

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Scr, scrum creatinine; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HGI, hemoglobin glycosylation index.

Figure 4 The correlation between vitamin D and HGI levels. (A) The correlation between vitamin D and HGI levels in all participants. (B) The correlation between vitamin D and HGI levels in female participants. (C) The correlation between vitamin D and HGI levels in male participants.

Table 7 Correlation Between Vitamin D and HGI in All Patients with T2DM

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Beta	t	P
Model 1	−0.689 (−1.008, −0.371)	0.162	−0.223	−4.225	<0.001
Model 2	−0.676 (−1.002, −0.349)	0.166	−0.220	−4.066	<0.001
Model 3	−0.709 (−1.036, −0.382)	0.166	−0.231	−4.263	<0.001
Model 4	−0.598 (−0.924, −0.272)	0.166	−0.195	−3.605	<0.001

Table 8 Correlation Between Vitamin D and HGI in Female Patients with T2DM

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Beta	t	P
Model 1	−0.777 (−1.1998, −0.356)	0.214	−0.277	−3.639	<0.001
Model 2	−0.802 (−1.245, −0.359)	0.244	−0.286	−3.580	<0.001
Model 3	−0.794 (−1.224, −0.364)	0.218	−0.283	−3.648	<0.001
Model 4	−0.799 (−1.242, −0.356)	0.244	−0.285	−3.564	<0.001

Table 9 Correlation Between Vitamin D and HGI in Male Patients with T2DM

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Beta	t	P
Model 1	−0.358 (−0.827, 0.110)	0.237	−0.111	−1.510	0.133
Model 2	−0.299 (−0.771, 0.174)	0.239	−0.094	−1.248	0.214
Model 3	−0.330 (−0.807, 0.146)	0.241	−0.104	−1.368	0.173
Model 4	−0.334 (−0.808, 0.140)	0.240	−0.105	−1.391	0.166