Relationship Between Serum Neopterin Level and Peripheral Arterial Plaque in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Carotid Plaque Group and No Carotid Plaque Group

Variables	Carotid Plaque (n=48)	No Carotid Plaque (n=73)	P-value
Age(years)	58.63±9.68	48.55±13.81	<0.001
Gender(male)	30(62.5%)	52(71.2%)	0.315
Diabetes duration(years)	6(1.25–10)	3(1–9)	0.146^a
BMI(kg/m^2)	27.89±3.03	27.77±4.26	0.861
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.96±0.07	0.96±0.06	0.839
Indirect bilirubin(μmol/L)	7.51±3.12	9.68±4.42	0.002
Direct bilirubin(μmol/L)	3.38±1.41	4.21±2.33	0.016
Serum creatinine(μmol/L)	75.50±21.75	69.07±18.63	0.085
eGFR(mL/min)	94.13±25.32	110.95±27.21	0.001
Total cholesterol(mmol/L)	4.68±1.51	5.36±2.21	0.064
Triglycerides(mmol/L)	1.72(1.27–2.86)	1.57(1.20–3.09)	0.761^a
HDL cholesterol(mmol/L)	1.00±0.22	1.09±0.34	0.070
LDL cholesterol(mmol/L)	2.75±1.05	2.87±1.22	0.565
ACR(mg/g)	17.5(5.25–134.25)	10(5–41)	0.300^a
Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L)	9.19±2.90	9.47±3.22	0.630
1h postprandial plasma glucose(mmol/L)	15.90±4.08	16.10±3.89	0.782
2h postprandial plasma glucose(mmol/L)	18.23±4.01	17.86±4.50	0.646
Fasting insulin(mIU/L)	13.1(6.85–18.95)	11.4(7.05–17.0)	0.433^a
Fasting C-peptide(μg/L)	2.37(1.82–3.34)	2.50(1.56–3.13)	0.649^a
1h postprandial insulin(mIU/L)	25.3(16.05–56.95)	28.0(13.15–45.2)	0.578^a
1h postprandial C-peptide(μg/L)	3.62(2.72–5.96)	3.35(2.36–4.97)	0.395^a
2 h postprandial insulin(mIU/L)	31.25(13.68–56.28)	29.3(15.35–56.35)	0.801^a
2 h postprandial C-peptide(μg/L)	4.59(3.38–7.17)	4.78(3.04–6.53)	0.494^a
HOMA-IR	4.68(3.25–8.33)	4.62(3.00–8.06)	0.468^a
Hemoglobin A1c(%)	9.61±1.89	9.53±2.18	0.852
Neopetrin(ng/mL)	2.02(1.57–2.89)	1.80(1.48–2.26)	0.026^a

Notes: ^acompared by the Mann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Independent Factors for Carotid Plaques by Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis

Parameters	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	1.061(1.020,1.104)	0.003
Direct bilirubin	0.853(0.578,1.258)	0.422
Indirect bilirubin	0.908(0.758,1.087)	0.293
eGFR	0.990(0.973,1.007)	0.246
Neopterin	1.689(1.006,2.834)	0.047

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 3 The Comparison of Femoral Plaque Group and No Femoral Plaque Group

Variables	Femoral Plaque (n=52)	No Femoral Plaque (n=69)	P-value
Age(years)	58.31±10.38	48.20±13.58	<0.001
Gender(male)	38(73.1%)	44(63.8%)	0.278
Diabetes duration(years)	6(2–11.75)	3(0.54–8)	0.027^a
BMI(kg/m^2)	27.36±2.79	28.16±4.41	0.228
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.96±0.06	0.96±0.07	0.941
Indirect bilirubin(μmol/L)	7.92±2.93	9.49±4.68	0.026
Direct bilirubin(μmol/L)	3.51±1.17	4.17±2.49	0.058
Serum creatinine(μmol/L)	74.29±21.62	69.61±18.76	0.206
eGFR(mL/min)	98.99±26.58	108.26±27.93	0.068
Total cholesterol(mmol/L)	4.56±1.47	5.49±2.23	0.010
Triglycerides(mmol/L)	1.62(1.15–2.86)	1.77(1.26–3.35)	0.316^a
HDL cholesterol(mmol/L)	1.03±0.33	1.08±0.28	0.435
LDL cholesterol(mmol/L)	2.61±1.10	2.98±1.17	0.084
ACR(mg/g)	12(4.25–126.75)	11(5–45.57)	0.755^a
Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L)	8.91±2.49	9.70±3.45	0.165
1h postprandial plasma glucose(mmol/L)	15.96±3.75	16.07±4.12	0.889
2h postprandial plasma glucose(mmol/L)	18.14±3.85	17.91±4.64	0.777
Fasting insulin(mIU/L)	12.1(6.78–18.95)	12.2(7.4–17.6)	0.900^a
Fasting C-peptide(μg/L)	2.47(1.77–3.14)	2.41(1.61–3.20)	0.992^a
1h postprandial insulin(mIU/L)	28.7(19.0–63.08)	23.8(11.85–45.2)	0.079^a
1h postprandial C-peptide(μg/L)	3.67(2.44–5.80)	3.32(2.38–4.91)	0.250^a
2 h postprandial insulin(mIU/L)	30.95(17.55–61.93)	26.4(13.2–50.15)	0.124^a
2 h postprandial C-peptide(μg/L)	4.75(3.33–7.13)	4.56(2.97–6.53)	0.308^a
HOMA-IR	4.55(2.92–7.98)	4.80(3.10–8.83)	0.755^a
Hemoglobin A1c(%)	9.32±1.86	9.75±2.20	0.261
Neopetrin(ng/mL)	2.00(1.56–2.71)	1.80(1.51–2.28)	0.130^a

Notes: ^acompared by the Mann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Table 4 Correlation of Neopterin Levels and Clinical Variables

Parameters	Neopterin
	rs	P-value
BMI	0.191	0.036
Serum creatinine	0.327	<0.001
eGFR	–0.358	<0.001
HOMA-IR	0.184	0.043

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.