Liver Stiffness Measurement by Using Transient Elastography in Bangladeshi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Ultrasonography-Diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of the Demographic, Clinical, and Biochemical Variables Between Group 1 and Group 2

Variables	Group 1 (F0, F1, F2)	Group 2 (F3, F4)	P-value
	(n = 164, 80%)	(n = 41, 20%)
	Mean ± SD or median (IQR) or n (%)
Age (years)	45 ± 9	48 ± 10	0.059
Sex
Male	57 (34.8%)	13 (31.7%)	0.854
Female	107 (65.2%)	28 (68.3%)
Residence
Urban	54 (32.9%)	13 (31.7%)	1.000
Rural	110 (67.1%)	28 (68.3%)
Duration of T2DM (years)	5.5 (2.0–9.0)	6.0 (3.0–0.0)	0.805
Waist circumference (cm)	96 ± 5	97 ± 4	0.198
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.7 ± 3.2	30.3 ± 3.2	0.004
Obese	105 (64.0%)	33 (80.5%)	0.062
HbA1c (%)	8.7 ± 1.7	9.0 ± 1.7	0.263
S. ALT (U/L)	37 (26–53)	56 (39–78)	0.003
Elevated ALT	71 (43.3%)	29 (70.7%)	0.003
S. AST (U/L)	33 (24–40)	46 (37–61)	<0.001
Elevated AST	63 (38.4%)	31 (75.6%)	<0.001
AST: ALT ratio	0.88 ± 0.28	0.96 ± 0.35	0.130
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	202 ± 44	195 ± 43	0.272
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	122 ± 39	112 ± 40	0.150
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	37 ± 8	37 ± 9	0.832
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	206 (157–312)	226 (160–327)	0.650
Fatty liver grade in USG (%)
Grade 1	85 (51.8%)	10 (24.4%)	<0.001
Grade 2	78 (47.6%)	27 (65.9%)
Grade 3	1 (0.6%)	4 (9.8%)

Notes: P-values by Student’s t-test, chi-square test, or Mann–Whitney U-test, as applicable.

Abbreviations: F, fibrosis; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; S., serum; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; USG, ultrasonography.

Table 2 Correlations Between Fibrosis Score (kPa) and Other Variables

Variables	All Patients (N = 205)		Group 1 (n = 164)		Group 2 (n = 41)
	Correlation Coefficient	P-value	Correlation Coefficient	P-value	Correlation Coefficient	P-value
Age	0.165	0.018	0.089	0.256	0.115	0.472
Sex	0.093	0.185	0.180	0.021	−0.122	0.447
Duration of T2DM	0.011	0.872	−0.011	0.891	−0.035	0.827
BMI	0.404	<0.001	0.410	<0.001	0.273	0.085
WC	0.278	<0.001	0.268	0.001	0.233	0.142
Obesity	0.306	<0.001	0.308	<0.001	0.221	0.164
HbA1c	0.062	0.374	0.016	0.838	−0.086	0.591
ALT	0.311	<0.001	0.198	0.011	−0.133	0.406
AST	0.383	<0.001	0.201	0.010	0.079	0.622
AST:ALT ratio	0.017	0.810	−0.100	0.201	0.280	0.076
Total cholesterol	−0.063	0.373	0.001	0.987	0.061	0.707
LDL-cholesterol	−0.050	0.477	0.019	0.813	0.186	0.244
HDL-cholesterol	0.057	0.418	0.107	0.172	−0.028	0.864
Triglyceride	0.118	0.093	0.176	0.024	−0.249	0.117
Fatty liver grade in USG	0.143	0.041	0.053	0.499	0.344	0.028

Notes: By Spearman correlation tests.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; USG, ultrasonography.

Table 3 Prevalence of Advanced Fibrosis (≥F3) Observed by Other Authors Using Various Cutoff Values for kPa

Author’s Name	Country	F3 Cutoff (kPa)	Prevalence of Advanced Fibrosis
Chen et al^Citation22	Singapore	≥9.6	13.08%
Lai et al^Citation23	Malaysia	≥9.6	21.0%
Fallatah et al^Citation24	Saudi Arabia	>9.1	36.1%
Tewari et al^Citation25	India	>9.6	27.2%
Lomonaco et al^Citation26	United States of America	≥9.7	9.0%
Ciardullo et al^Citation27	United States of America	≥9.7	15.4%
Tuong et al^Citation28	Vietnam	≥8.7	5.9%

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