Poor Glycemic Control and the Contributing Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Outpatient Diabetes Clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Diabetes Clinic of MRRH, Uganda

Characteristics	Category	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender	Female	153	68.9
	Male	69	31.1
Age (years) (mean: 61.05±4).	18–24	18	8.1
	25–60	134	60.1
	>60	70	31.8
Marital status	Married	151	69.9
	Separated	47	21.8
	Single	18	8.3
Religion	Anglican	99	44.6
	Catholic	71	32.0
	Muslim	32	14.4
	Others	20	9.0
Education level	No education	56	25.3
	Primary	101	45.7
	Secondary	44	19.9
	Tertiary	20	9.1
Occupation	Self employed	134	60.1
	Unemployed	57	25.5
	Employed	26	11.7
	Others	6	2.7

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Diabetes Clinic of MRRH, Uganda

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage	Mean (SD)
Duration of diabetes (years)	<5	141	63.5	6.06 (7.06)
	5–10	46	20.7
	Above 10	35	15.8
Number of comorbidities	None	78	35.0	0.80 (0.68)
	1	112	50.2
	≥2	33	14.8
Complications	At least one complication	188	84.3	N/A
	Erectile dysfunction (men)	67	97.1
	Diabetic neuropathy	162	85.7
	Diabetic retinopathy	123	65.1
	Cardiovascular disease	120	54.8
	No complication	35	15.7
BMI	Normal	69	30.9	27.88 (5.17)
	Overweight	89	39.9
	Obese	65	29.2

Table 3 Poor Glycemic Control Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients Not Adhering to Self-management Behavior at Diabetes Clinic of MRRH, Uganda

Variable	Category	Glycemic Control, N=223 (%)		Total
		Good	Poor
Use of alcohol	Yes	2 (11.1)	16 (88.9)	18
	No	31 (15.1)	174 (84.9)	205
Smoking	Yes	1 (20.0)	4 (80.0)	5
	No	32 (14.7)	186 (85.3)	218
Following diet recommendation	Yes	22 (13.5)	141 (86.5)	163
	No	11 (18.3)	49 (81.7)	60
Physical exercise	Yes	22 (19.5)	91 (80.5)	113
	No	11 (10.0)	99 (90.0)	110

Table 4 Univariate Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Diabetes Clinic of MRRH, Uganda

Variable	Category	Glycemic Control		COR (95%CI)	p-value
		Good (HbA1c <7) N=33 (%)	Poor (HbA1c ≥7) N=188 (%)
Age	18–24	7 (41.2)	10 (58.8)
	25–60	18 (13.2)	118 (86.8)	4.59 (1.55–13.59)	0.006
	Above 60	8 (11.4)	62 (88.6)	5.43 (1.61–18.28)	0.006
Gender	Male	10 (14.3)	60 (85.7)
	Female	23 (15.0)	130 (85.0)	0.66 (0.28–1.55)	0.34
Education	No education	8 (14.3)	48 (85.7)
	Primary	17 (16.7)	85 (83.3)	0.62 (0.25–1.59)	0.32
	Secondary	5 (11.1)	39 (88.9)	1.11 (0.33–3.78)	0.86
	Tertiary	3 (15.0)	17 (85.0)	1.29 (0.24–6.77)	0.77
Smoking	Yes	1 (20.0)	4 (80.0)
	No	32 (14.7)	186 (85.3)	0.69 (0.08–6.36)	0.74
Alcohol use	Yes	2 (11.1	16 (88.9)
	No	31 (15.1)	174 (84.9)	1.43 (0.31–6.51)	0.65
Duration of diabetes	<5	24 (17.0)	117 (83.0.)
	5–10	6 (13.0)	40 (87.0)	1.37 (0.53–3.59)	0.53
	>10	3 (8.6)	32 (91.4)	2.19 (0.62–7.74)	0.22
Antidiabetics used	M	9 (23.1)	30 (76.9)
	M+G	17 (13.3)	111 (86.7)	1.96 (0.79–4.83)	0.14
	I	7 (12.5)	49 (87.5)	2.10 (0.71–6.23)	0.18
Herbs used for diabetes	No	17 (13.4)	110 (86.6)
	Yes	16 (16.7)	80 (83.3)	0.77 (0.37–1.62)	0.49
Following recommended diet	Yes	22 (13.5)	141 (86.5)
	No	11 (18.3)	49 (81.7)	1.22 (0.54–2.74)	0.63
Physical exercise	Yes	22 (19.5)	91 (80.5)
	No	11 (10.0)	99 (90.0)	0.54 (0.25–1.18)	0.13

Abbreviations: M, metformin; G, glibenclamide; I, insulin.

Table 5 Multivariate Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Diabetes Clinic of MRRH, Uganda

Variable	Category	Glycemic Control		Adjusted OR (95%CI)	p-value
		Good (HbA1c <7) N=33 (%)	Poor (HbA1c ≥7) N=188 (%)
Age	18–24	7 (41.2)	10 (58.8)
	25–60	18 (13.2)	118 (86.8)	4.48 (1.46–13.78)	0.009
	Above 60	8 (11.4)	62 (88.6)	4.28 (1.18–15.58)	0.03
Duration of diabetes	<5	24 (17.0)	117 (83.0)
	5–10	6 (13.0)	40 (87.0)	1.39 (0.51–3.80)	0.52
	>10	3 (8.6)	32 (91.4)	1.68 (0.45–6.34)	0.42
Antidiabetics used	M	9 (23.1)	30 (76.9)
	M+G	17 (13.3)	111 (86.7)	2.29 (0.89–5.95)	0.09
	I	7 (12.5)	49 (87.5)	2.14 (0.66–6.94)	0.20
Physical exercise	Yes	22 (19.5)	91 (80.5)
	No	11 (10.0)	99 (90.0)	0.54 (0.23–1.23)	0.14