PAID-PL—The Polish Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: Perfect Reliability and a One-Factor Structure

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic, Clinical, and Psychological Characteristics of Male and Female Outpatients with Diabetes

Variables	Male (n =116)		Female (n =100)
	M	SD	M	SD	t-test	p
Age (years)	57.54	7.17	58.37	7.46	t(214) = 0.899	0.370
HbA1c (percent)	6.92	1.20	6.89	1.23	t(194) = −1.72	0.864
Duration of diabetes (years)	10.30	7.38	8.51	6.62	t(214) = −1.87	0.064
PAID total score	9.21	12.69	13.47	15.86	t(214) = 2.19	0.029^d
WHO-5 total score	16.50	6.36	15.36	6.61	t(214) = −1.29	0.198
Mean PHQ-9 total score	3.93	4.87	5.17	5.29	t(214) = 1.79	0.075

Note: ^dCohen’s d = 0.299 - small effect.

Abbreviations: HBA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index.

Figure 1 Scree plot of the Polish version of the PAID.

Table 2 The Results of Principal Axis Factoring and Factor Loadings of the 20 PAID Items (N = 216) for One Factor Solution

Item	Factor 1 Paid
6. Feeling depressed when you think about living with diabetes?	0.880
8. Feeling overwhelmed by your diabetes?	0.865
10. Feeling angry when you think about living with diabetes?	0.837
16. Feeling that diabetes is taking up too much of your mental and physical energy every day?	0.835
3. Feeling scared when you think about living with diabetes?	0.832
13. Feelings of guilt or anxiety when you get off track with your diabetes management?	0.812
20. Feeling “burned out” by the constant effort needed to manage diabetes?	0.802
14. Not “accepting” your diabetes?	0.794
2. Feeling discouraged with your diabetes treatment plan?	0.784
12. Worrying about the future and the possibility of serious complications?	0.761
17. Feeling alone with your diabetes?	0.754
19. Coping with complications of diabetes?	0.666
11. Feeling constantly concerned about food and eating?	0.660
4. Uncomfortable social situations related to your diabetes care (eg, people telling you what to eat)?	0.636
7. Not knowing if your mood or feelings are related to your diabetes	0.593
18. Feeling that your friends and family are not supportive of your diabetes management efforts?	0.576
5. Feelings of deprivation regarding food and meals?	0.541
9. Worrying about low blood sugar reactions?	0.467
1. Not having clear and concrete goals for your diabetes care?	0.452
15. Feeling unsatisfied with your diabetes physician?	0.199

Notes: Copyright © 1999–2021 by Joslin Diabetes Center. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Adapted from Polonsky et al.⁷

Table 3 The Results of the Correlation Analysis Between PAID Items and WHO-5, PHQ-9, Age, HbA1c and Duration of Diabetes (N = 216); Comparison of PAID Results in Individuals with and without Depression

Variables		PAID Total
		Statistic			p
Age (years)		r = −0.223			< 0.001
HbA1c (percent)		r = 0.204			= 0.004
Duration of diabetes (years)		r = 0.086			= 0.207
WHO-5 total score		r = - 0.524			< 0.001
PHQ-9 total score		r = 0.556			< 0.001
	M (SD)		Mrank	Statistic		p	Effect size
Depression (n = 32)	28.69 (20.50)		168.44	U = 1026.00		< 0.001	gHedges = 1.65 large effect
No depression (n = 184)	8.14 (10.41)		98.08

Abbreviations: HBA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index.

Polonsky WH , Anderson BJ , Lohrer PA , et al. Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress. Diabetes Care . 1995;18(6):754–760. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.754 7555499

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