Gender Differences in the Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Variables of the Participants

	Total	Without T2DM	T2DM	P
		(n=517)	(n=277)
Age (years)	57.4 ± 12.7	56.2 ± 13.3	59.7 ± 11.0	<0.001
AHI (times/h)	25.2 ± 19.1	24.1 ± 18.4	27.2 ± 20.1	0.027
LSaO2	74.9 ± 16.0	76.2 ± 14.9	72.5 ± 17.5	0.002
Gender				0.010
Female	179 (22.5%)	102 (19.7%)	77 (27.8%)
Male	615 (77.5%)	415 (80.3%)	200 (72.2%)
Age group				<0.001
<45 ys	113 (14.2%)	94 (18.2%)	19 (6.9%)
45–64 ys	484 (61.0%)	307 (59.4%)	177 (63.9%)
≥65 ys	197 (24.8%)	116 (22.4%)	81 (29.2%)
BMI group				0.015
<18.5 kg/m^2	5 (0.6%)	5 (1.0%)	0 (0.0%)
18.5–23.9 kg/m^2	90 (11.3%)	62 (12.0%)	28 (10.1%)
24.0–27.9 kg/m^2	322 (40.6%)	224 (43.3%)	98 (35.4%)
≥28.0 kg/m^2	377 (47.5%)	226 (43.7%)	151 (54.5%)
Smoking				0.057
Never	416 (52.4%)	263 (50.9%)	153 (55.2%)
Former	151 (19.0%)	92 (17.8%)	59 (21.3%)
Current	227 (28.6%)	162 (31.3%)	65 (23.5%)
Drinking				0.024
Never	429 (54.0%)	263 (50.9%)	166 (59.9%)
Former	257 (32.4%)	184 (35.6%)	73 (26.4%)
Current	108 (13.6%)	70 (13.5%)	38 (13.7%)
OSA				0.276
No	106 (13.4%)	74 (14.3%)	32 (11.6%)
Yes	688 (86.6%)	443 (85.7%)	245 (88.4%)
OSA with hypoxemia				0.180
No	134 (16.9%)	94 (18.2%)	40 (14.4%)
Yes	660 (83.1%)	423 (81.8%)	237 (85.6%)
AHI group				0.348
Without OSA	106 (13.4%)	74 (14.3%)	32 (11.6%)
5–15 times/h	178 (22.4%)	121 (23.4%)	57 (20.6%)
16–30 times/h	205 (25.8%)	134 (25.9%)	71 (25.6%)
>30 times/h	305 (38.4%)	188 (36.4%)	117 (42.2%)
Hypoxemia group				0.042
Without OSA	106 (13.4%)	74 (14.3%)	32 (11.6%)
>85%	185 (23.3%)	122 (23.6%)	63 (22.7%)
80–85%	163 (20.5%)	117 (22.6%)	46 (16.6%)
<80%	340 (42.8%)	204 (39.5%)	136 (49.1%)

Table 2 The Odds Ratios (ORs) for T2DM

Exposure	Model A	P	Model B	P	Model C	P
AHI (times/h)	1.009 (1.001, 1.016)	0.027	1.011 (1.003, 1.019)	0.008	1.009 (1.001, 1.017)	0.031
LSaO2	0.986 (0.977, 0.995)	0.002	0.983 (0.974, 0.992)	0.000	0.987 (0.978, 0.996)	0.007
OSA	1.279 (0.821, 1.992)	0.276	1.316 (0.834, 2.079)	0.238	1.312 (0.834, 2.064)	0.240
OSA with hypoxemia	1.317 (0.880, 1.970)	0.181	1.365 (0.902, 2.064)	0.141	1.323 (0.874, 2.001)	0.185
AHI group
Without OSA	1		1		1
5–15 times/h	1.089 (0.647, 1.834)	0.747	1.122 (0.658, 1.912)	0.673	1.098 (0.646, 1.866)	0.730
16–30 times/h	1.225 (0.740, 2.030)	0.430	1.211 (0.722, 2.031)	0.468	1.264 (0.756, 2.113)	0.372
>30 times/h	1.439 (0.895, 2.313)	0.133	1.544 (0.944, 2.525)	0.084	1.502 (0.922, 2.447)	0.103
Hypoxemia group
Without OSA	1		1		1
>85%	1.194 (0.714, 1.997)	0.499	1.187 (0.699, 2.014)	0.525	1.298 (0.766, 2.198)	0.332
80–85%	0.909 (0.531, 1.555)	0.728	0.896 (0.517, 1.554)	0.696	0.893 (0.518, 1.542)	0.686
<80%	1.542 (0.965, 2.462)	0.070	1.673 (1.030, 2.715)	0.037	1.598 (0.986, 2.590)	0.057
Male
AHI	1.010 (1.002, 1.019)	0.020	1.011 (1.002, 1.021)	0.013	1.009 (1.000, 1.019)	0.041
LSaO2	0.989 (0.979, 0.999)	0.029	0.987 (0.977, 0.997)	0.012	0.990 (0.980, 1.000)	0.050
OSA	2.061 (1.094, 3.880)	0.025	2.035 (1.075, 3.853)	0.029	2.017 (1.063, 3.826)	0.032
OSA with hypoxemia	1.981 (1.144, 3.433)	0.015	2.001 (1.150, 3.484)	0.014	1.962 (1.121, 3.431)	0.018
AHI group
Without OSA	1		1		1
5–15 times/h	1.872 (0.925, 3.791)	0.081	1.877 (0.921, 3.825)	0.083	1.823 (0.892, 3.726)	0.099
16–30 times/h	1.815 (0.906, 3.637)	0.093	1.738 (0.862, 3.504)	0.122	1.813 (0.898, 3.661)	0.097
>30 times/h	2.335 (1.208, 4.513)	0.012	2.340 (1.203, 4.553)	0.012	2.269 (1.164, 4.425)	0.016
Hypoxemia group
Without OSA	1		1		1
>85%	2.103 (1.049, 4.218)	0.036	1.976 (0.979, 3.987)	0.057	2.139 (1.056, 4.333)	0.035
80–85%	1.563 (0.757, 3.230)	0.228	1.516 (0.728, 3.158)	0.267	1.481 (0.710, 3.089)	0.295
<80%	2.279 (1.184, 4.386)	0.014	2.328 (1.202, 4.510)	0.012	2.228 (1.145, 4.334)	0.018
Female
AHI (times/h)	1.010 (0.993, 1.026)	0.246	1.007 (0.990, 1.024)	0.420	1.010 (0.992, 1.028)	0.296
LSaO2	0.962 (0.937, 0.986)	0.003	0.961 (0.936, 0.986)	0.002	0.966 (0.942, 1.001)	0.051
OSA	0.839 (0.417, 1.692)	0.625	0.650 (0.306, 1.380)	0.262	0.773 (0.367, 1.629)	0.499
OSA with hypoxemia	0.855 (0.440, 1.664)	0.645	0.662 (0.324, 1.350)	0.256	0.761 (0.371, 1.559)	0.455
AHI group
Without OSA	1		1		1
5–15 times/h	0.558 (0.226, 1.375)	0.205	0.432 (0.168, 1.110)	0.081	0.514 (0.200, 1.319)	0.166
16–30 times/h	0.980 (0.425, 2.261)	0.962	0.761 (0.315, 1.839)	0.545	0.895 (0.371, 2.159)	0.806
>30 times/h	0.986 (0.431, 2.258)	0.974	0.766 (0.319, 1.840)	0.552	0.957 (0.391, 2.344)	0.924
Hypoxemia group
Without OSA	1		1		1
>85%	0.556 (0.221, 1.398)	0.212	0.446 (0.169, 1.174)	0.102	0.572 (0.216, 1.512)	0.260
80–85%	0.463 (0.187, 1.149)	0.097	0.357 (0.138, 0.926)	0.034	0.432 (0.167, 1.114)	0.083
<80%	1.575 (0.706, 3.512)	0.267	1.182 (0.506, 2.762)	0.699	1.454 (0.615, 3.439)	0.394

Notes: Model A: crude model. Model B: adjusted for age and gender; Model C: adjusted for age, gender, smoking, drinking status and BMI.

Table 3 The Association Between OSA/OSA Related Monitoring Indicators and Glucose

Exposure	Model A	P	Model B	P	Model C	P
AHI (times/h)	0.007 (−0.001, 0.016)	0.077	0.009 (0.000, 0.017)	0.042	0.006 (−0.003, 0.014)	0.187
LSaO2	−0.014 (−0.024, −0.004)	0.005	−0.015 (−0.025, −0.005)	0.002	−0.011 (−0.021, −0.001)	0.029
AHI GROUP
Without OSA	0		0		0
5–15 times/h	−0.055 (−0.597, 0.486)	0.841	−0.003 (−0.548, 0.542)	0.991	−0.078 (−0.615, 0.460)	0.778
16–30 times/h	0.133 (−0.395, 0.661)	0.621	0.175 (−0.357, 0.708)	0.518	0.120 (−0.404, 0.643)	0.654
>30 times/h	0.259 (−0.239, 0.757)	0.308	0.331 (−0.175, 0.837)	0.200	0.202 (−0.295, 0.700)	0.426
Hypoxemia group
Without OSA	0		0		0
>85%	−0.026 (−0.563, 0.512)	0.926	0.026 (−0.517, 0.570)	0.925	0.021 (−0.514, 0.556)	0.938
80–85%	−0.013 (−0.563, 0.538)	0.964	0.006 (−0.548, 0.561)	0.982	−0.065 (−0.611, 0.481)	0.816
<80%	0.304 (−0.187, 0.795)	0.225	0.379 (−0.118, 0.876)	0.135	0.240 (−0.253, 0.733)	0.340
OSA	0.140 (−0.320, 0.601)	0.551	0.194 (−0.273, 0.661)	0.416	0.102 (−0.356, 0.561)	0.661
OSA with hypoxemia	0.222 (−0.196, 0.640)	0.299	0.272 (−0.151, 0.695)	0.208	0.163 (−0.256, 0.581)	0.447
Male
AHI (times/h)	0.011 (0.003, 0.020)	0.008	0.012 (0.003, 0.020)	0.007	0.009 (0.001, 0.018)	0.036
LSaO2	−0.012 (−0.021, −0.002)	0.017	−0.012 (−0.022, −0.003)	0.012	−0.009 (−0.019, 0.001)	0.070
AHI GROUP
Without OSA	0		0		0
5–15 times/h	0.402 (−0.194, 0.998)	0.186	0.396 (−0.199, 0.992)	0.193	0.351 (−0.242, 0.945)	0.246
16–30 times/h	0.532 (−0.052, 1.116)	0.075	0.509 (−0.075, 1.094)	0.088	0.498 (−0.082, 1.077)	0.093
>30 times/h	0.688 (0.137, 1.238)	0.015	0.676 (0.126, 1.227)	0.016	0.587 (0.038, 1.136)	0.036
Hypoxemia group
Without OSA	0		0		0
>85%	0.455 (−0.134, 1.045)	0.130	0.422 (−0.168, 1.012)	0.161	0.462 (−0.126, 1.049)	0.124
80–85%	0.454 (−0.155, 1.063)	0.144	0.432 (−0.178, 1.042)	0.166	0.374 (−0.232, 0.981)	0.227
<80%	0.683 (0.138, 1.228)	0.014	0.682 (0.137, 1.227)	0.014	0.582 (0.036, 1.128)	0.037
OSA	0.572 (0.052, 1.091)	0.031	0.558 (0.039, 1.077)	0.036	0.502 (0.015, 1.018)	0.047
OSA with hypoxemia	0.543 (0.083, 1.003)	0.021	0.539 (0.079, 0.999)	0.022	0.461 (0.000, 0.922)	0.050
Female
AHI (times/h)	−0.001 (−0.024, 0.022)	0.935	0.002 (−0.022, 0.025)	0.897	−0.004 (−0.028, 0.020)	0.737
LSaO2	−0.031 (−0.062, −0.001)	0.046	−0.031 (−0.062, −0.001)	0.045	−0.025 (−0.056, 0.005)	0.100
AHI GROUP
Without OSA	0		0		0
5–15 times/h	−0.737 (−1.997, 0.524)	0.254	−0.604 (−1.900, 0.691)	0.362	−0.635 (−1.851, 0.580)	0.307
16–30 times/h	−0.359 (−1.565, 0.848)	0.561	−0.235 (−1.483, 1.012)	0.712	−0.278 (−1.458, 0.903)	0.645
>30 times/h	−0.234 (−1.429, 0.962)	0.702	−0.117 (−1.357, 1.122)	0.853	−0.316 (−1.499, 0.867)	0.601
Hypoxemia group
Without OSA	0		0		0
>85%	−0.786 (−2.066, 0.494)	0.230	−0.706 (−2.013, 0.601)	0.291	−0.692 (−1.934, 0.550)	0.276
80–85%	−0.734 (−1.973, 0.505)	0.247	−0.609 (−1.886, 0.668)	0.351	−0.648 (−1.848, 0.552)	0.291
<80%	0.026 (−1.121, 1.174)	0.964	0.200 (−0.996, 1.396)	0.744	0.015 (−1.131, 1.160)	0.980
OSA	−0.423 (−1.428, 0.582)	0.411	−0.303 (−1.356, 0.750)	0.573	−0.404 (−1.386, 0.578)	0.421
OSA with hypoxemia	−0.233 (−1.188, 0.721)	0.632	−0.092 (−1.098, 0.915)	0.858	−0.162 (−1.109, 0.786)	0.738

Notes: Model A: crude model. Model B: adjusted for age and gender; Model C: adjusted for age, gender, smoking, drinking status and BMI.