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Original Research

Newly-Diagnosed Diabetes and Sustained Hyperglycemia are Associated with Poorer Outcomes in COVID-19 Inpatients Without Pre-Existing Diabetes

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Pages 4469-4482 | Published online: 09 Nov 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1 The flow chart of patient inclusion and analysis procedures in the study. aThe participants with at least three times fasting blood glucose records. bThe particients with newly-diagnosed diabetes.

Abbreviations: FBG, fasting blood glucose; NDD, newly-diagnosed diabetes; HA, hypoglycemic agents.
Figure 1 The flow chart of patient inclusion and analysis procedures in the study. aThe participants with at least three times fasting blood glucose records. bThe particients with newly-diagnosed diabetes.

Table 1 Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients in the Newly-Diagnosed Diabetes (NDD) and Non-NDD Groups Before and After Propensity Score Matching

Figure 2 Dynamic profiles of BG (A), neutrophils (B), lymphocytes (C), LDH (D), TNFα (E), and IL-6 (F) in NDD and Non-NDD groups during hospitalization. aThe relative levels of LDH, TNFα and IL-6 were applied and normalized according to their upper limits of the normal range in each hospital.

Abbreviations: BG, blood glucose; NDD, newly-diagnosed diabetes; LHD, lactate dehydrogenase; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, Inter Leukin 6.
Figure 2 Dynamic profiles of BG (A), neutrophils (B), lymphocytes (C), LDH (D), TNFα (E), and IL-6 (F) in NDD and Non-NDD groups during hospitalization. aThe relative levels of LDH, TNFα and IL-6 were applied and normalized according to their upper limits of the normal range in each hospital.

Table 2 Hazard Ratios for Outcomes in NDD and Non-NDD Groups Under Cox Adjusted Model and Propensity Score Matching Model

Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier curves for cumulative probability of COVID-19 mortality during hospitalization in NDD and Non-NDD groups in the propensity score-matched model.

Abbreviation: NDD, newly-diagnosed diabetes.
Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier curves for cumulative probability of COVID-19 mortality during hospitalization in NDD and Non-NDD groups in the propensity score-matched model.

Table 3 Association of Dynamic Blood Glucose Patterns with 28-Day Poor Outcomes in Patients with NDD

Figure 4 Survival curves of newly-diagnosed diabetes patients with sustained, fluctuant, and remitted blood glucose levels.

Figure 4 Survival curves of newly-diagnosed diabetes patients with sustained, fluctuant, and remitted blood glucose levels.

Table 4 Association of Hypoglycemic Agents (HA) Use with 28-Day Poor Outcomes in Patients with NDD

Figure 5 Dynamic profiles of fasting blood glucose (A) and blood glucose (B) in survivors with HA, survivors without HA, and non-survivors without HA from patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes during hospitalization.

Abbreviation: HA, hypoglycemic agents.
Figure 5 Dynamic profiles of fasting blood glucose (A) and blood glucose (B) in survivors with HA, survivors without HA, and non-survivors without HA from patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes during hospitalization.