Association Between Early Markers of Renal Injury and Type 2 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics

Variables	Non-DPN Group (n=136)	DPN Group (n=335)	X^2	P
Age (years)	57.50 (52.00–65.00)	63.00 (56.00–72.00)		0.000
Gender (n, female/male)	136 (76/60)	335 (176/159)	0.435	0.510
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.71 ± 3.22	25.01 ± 3.63		0.366
Duration of diabetes (years)	5.00 (1.00–10.00)	8.00 (3.00–12.00)		0.000
Smoking (%)	30.1	32.2	0.196	0.658
Drinking (%)	9.6	10.4	0.084	0.773
Hypertension (%)	52.9	56.1	0.395	0.530
FPG (mmol/L)	8.03 (6.30–10.64)	8.63 (6.75–11.72)		0.026
HbA1c (%)	8.10 (6.80–10.30)	9.00 (7.20–10.90)		0.023
BUN (µmol/L)	5.19 (4.23–6.37)	5.40 (4.35–6.78)		0.211
SCr (µmol/L)	66.00 (54.00–80.75)	69.00 (57.00–89.00)		0.068
SUA (µmol/L)	289.00 (235.00–355.00)	285.00 (235.00–355.00)		0.952
TC (mmol/L)	4.66 (3.81–5.50)	4.40 (3.76–5.19)		0.075
TG (mmol/L)	1.52 (1.06–2.53)	1.38 (1.00–2.16)		0.154
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.21 (1.06–1.43)	1.21 (1.06–1.42)		0.883
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.81 (2.11–3.38)	2.58 (2.02–3.17)		0.075

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th–75th percentile) or numbers or proportions.

Abbreviations: DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SCr, serum creatinine; SUA, serum uric acid; TC, cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 1 The prevalence of DPN in different stages of CKD based on eGFR category.

Table 2 Comparison of Kidney Damage Indicators

Variables	Non-DPN Group	DPN Group	P
UACR (mg/g)	15.54 (9.53–36.89)	25.20 (11.95–101.00)	0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	97.82 (79.85–106.60)	89.91 (64.42–100.59)	0.000
NAG/Cr (U/mmol)	0.82 (0.55–1.41)	1.14 (0.70–1.70)	0.001
β2-MG (mg/L)	0.08 (0.03–0.24)	0.12 (0.04–0.57)	0.028

Note: Data are presented as median (25th–75th percentile).

Abbreviations: UACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NAG/Cr, urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase/creatinine ratio; β2-MG, urinary β2 microglobulin.

Table 3 Risk Factors for Having DPN

Variables	Categories	Ranges	OR (95% CI)	P
UACR (mg/g)	1	≤12.81	1	–
	2	12.82–38.20	1.06 (0.62–1.79)	0.835
	3	>38.20	1.66 (0.92–3.01)	0.092
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	1	>99.01	1	–
	2	80.77–99.01	1.59 (0.88–2.88)	0.124
	3	≤80.76	1.37 (0.73–2.59)	0.331
NAG/Cr (U/mmol)	1	≤0.75	1	–
	2	0.76–1.41	1.46 (0.86–2.47)	0.162
	3	>1.41	1.86 (1.04–3.33)	0.036
β2-MG (mg/L)	1	≤0.04	1	-
	2	0.05–0.24	0.88 (0.52–1.47)	0.616
	3	>0.24	1.71 (0.94–3.08)	0.077

Note: All models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, hypertension, FPG, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and duration of diabetes.