Incidence and Predictors of Chronic Kidney Disease among Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study at a Tertiary Health-Care Setting of Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Minimum Sample Size Using Covariates Associated with CKD in JUMC Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

Assumption	Variables	Hazard Ratio	Probability of Event	Sample Size (Event)
Type I error=0.05	HDL-C (>40 mg/dL)	0.43	0.144	341 (45)
power=80%	LDL-C (<100 mg/dL)	3.05	0.144	195 (26)
withdrawal probability=0.1	HTN (Yes)	2.42	0.1023	437 (41)

Abbreviations: HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTNLDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Socio-Demographic, Clinical and Physiologic Characteristics of DM Patients on Treatment at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Censored (n=342)	Event=CKD (n=63)	Total (n=405)
Sex
Male	205 (59.94)	44 (69.84)	249 (61.48)
Female	137 (40.06)	19 (30.16)	156 (38.52)
Residence
Urban	208 (60.82)	33 (52.38)	242 (59.75)
Rural	134 (39.18)	30 (47.62)	163 (40.25)
Family history of DM
No	246 (71.92)	47 (74.60)	293 (72.35)
Yes	96 (28.08)	16 (25.40)	112 (27.65)
Type of DM
T1DM	110 (32.16)	10 (15.87)	120 (29.63)
T2DM	232 (67.84)	53 (84.13)	285 (70.37)
Type of treatment
OHA	176 (51.46)	41 (65.08)	217 (53.58)
Insulin	111 (32.46)	11 (17.46)	122 (30.12)
Both	55 (16.08)	11 (17.46)	66 (16.30)
History of AKI
Yes	49 (14.33)	40 (63.49)	89 (21.98)
Proteinuria
Positive	46 (13.45)	44 (69.84)	90 (22.23)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
Desirable	227 (66.37)	23 (36.51)	250 (61.73)
Borderline	58 (16.96)	16 (25.40)	74 (18.27)
High	42 (12.28)	24 (38.09)	66 (16.30)
Triglyceride (md/dL)
Normal	181 (52.92)	11 (17.46)	192 (47.41)
Borderline	56 (16.37)	23 (36.51)	79 (19.51)
High	82 (23.98)	29 (46.03)	111 (27.41)
LDL-C (md/dL)
<100	231 (67.54)	21 (33.33)	234 (57.78)
≥100	109 (31.87)	42 (66.67)	151 (37.28)
HDL-C (md/dL)
≥40	264 (77.19)	20 (31.75)	284 (70.12)
<40	51 (14.91)	43 (68.25)	94 (23.21)
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	24 (7.02)	2 (3.17)	26 (6.42)
18.5–24.9	236 (69.01)	12 (19.05)	248 (61.23)
≥25	73 (21.35)	49 (77.78)	122 (30.12)
Hypertension
Yes	142 (41.52)	53 (84.13)	195 (48.15)
Diabetic retinopathy
Yes	51 (14.91)	30 (47.62)	81 (20.00)
Cardiovascular disease
Yes	34 (9.94)	21 (33.33)	55 (13.58)
Age, mean (SD)	42.7 (15.37)	50.1 (16.80)	43.9 (15.80)
SBP, mean (SD)	123.99 (18.92)	135.7 (21.50)	125.80 (19.80)
DBP, median (IQR)	80 (70–90)	85 (70–90)	80 (70–90)
Creatinine, median (IQR)	0.8 (0.63–0.98)	2.3 (1.8–3.00)	0.85 (0.67–1.20)

Notes: HDL-C, LDL-C, Total cholesterol, BMI, and Triglyceride had missing data. Complete case analysis and imputed model were fitted and complete case analysis was selected using AIC.

Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR, inter-quartile range; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; SD, standard deviation, Total cholesterol (desirable: <200, borderline high: 200–239, high: ≥240), Triglyceride (normal: <150, borderline high: 150–199, high: ≥200); T1DM, type one diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type two diabetes mellitus.

Figure 1 Flowchart of DM patients on treatment at Jimma university medical center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2012 to 2020.

Figure 2 Overall Kaplan Meier of survival curves for DM patients on treatment at Jimma university medical center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2012 to 2020.

Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier of survival curves by HTN status for DM patients on treatment at Jimma university medical center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2012 to 2020.

Table 3 Multivariable Cox Regression Results for Predictors of CKD among DM Patients on Treatment at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Categories	CHR [95% CI]	AHR [95% CI]
Age	<65	1	1
	≥65	1.97 [1.01, 3.72]	1.26 [0.61, 2.49]
Sex	Male	1	1
	Female	0.57 [0.31, 1.02]	0.51 [0.27, 0.94] **
Proteinuria	Negative	1	1
	Positive	5.86 [3.35, 10.65]	2.85 [1.48, 5.55] ***
AKI	No	1	1
	Yes	4.22 [2.43, 7.48]	1.81 [0.92, 3.54]
HTN	No	1	1
	Yes	4.65 [2.38, 9.75]	2.31 [1.03, 5.56] **
DR	No	1	1
	Yes	1.84 [1.08, 3.09]	1.23 [0.52, 1.65]
CVD	No	1	1
	Yes	1.18 [0.65, 2.08]	1.12 [0.29, 1.96]
BMI (kg/m^2)	<18.5	1	1
	18.5–24.9	0.85 [0.20, 5.26]	0.55 [0.12, 3.62]
	≥25	5.17 [1.33, 30.57]	1.80 [0.42, 11.51]
HDL-C (md/dL)	≥40	1	1
	<40	4.71 [2.72, 8.40]	3.19 [1.73, 5.98] ***
LDL-C (md/dL)	<100	1	1
	≥100	3.93 [2.17, 7.35]	1.29 [0.69, 2.49]

Notes: **Indicates P-value <0.01 and *** P-value <0.001.

Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.