Plasma Lipocalin-2 and Adiponectin are Affected by Obesity Rather Than Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus per se

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Biochemical Parameters Among Normal, Non-Diabetic Obese and Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes

Parameters	Normal (n = 25)	Non-Diabetic Obese (n = 30)	Non-Obese T2DM (n = 30)	p-value
				Obese vs Control	Diabetes vs Control	Diabetes vs Obese
Age (Years)	34.32 ± 6.24	35.60 ± 8.02	48.97 ± 7.49	0.99	1×10^−6	1×10^−6
BMI (Kg/m^2)	21.56 ± 2.33	34.56 ± 3.31	21.82 ± 2.11	10^–6	0.99	1×10^–6
WC (cm)	77.04 ± 7.73	110.33 ± 8.13	76.38 ± 4.99	7×10^–29	0.99	8×10^–31
SBP (mmHg)	107 ± 12.83	134 ± 15.02	117 ± 23.27	10^–5	0.12	0.001
DBP (mmHg)	76 ± 9.36	94 ± 11.93	82 ± 14.33	10^–5	0.27	0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dl)*	156.0 (126.0–189.2)	201.0 (165.0–240.0)	194.4 (148.7–246.2)	0.34	0.51	0.99
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	177.79 ± 36.17	207.02 ± 40.35	189.42 ± 47.18	0.035	0.92	0.32
HDL-c (mg/dl)	33.20 ± 5.57	34.09 ± 7.66	31.84 ± 7.30	0.99	0.99	0.64
LDL-c (mg/dl)	109.82 ± 31.68	133.08 ± 29.78	116.36 ± 39.57	0.04	0.99	0.18
FBG (mmol/dl)	4.72 ± 0.49	5.03 ± 0.46	12.39 ± 3.42	0.99	1×10^–6	1×10^–6
Insulin (pmol/l)*	48.50 (32.30–67.99)	132.0 (112.7–152.5)	34.93 (26.02–45.16)	1.1×10^−8	0.38	1.8×10^−12
HOMA-IR*	0.77 (0.53–1.05)	2.39 (2.06–2.75)	0.75 (0.60–0.91)	5.2×10^−12	0.99	3.7×10^−13
HOMA-β*	97.98 (75.63–123.2)	176.0 (154.0–199.0)	14.36 (10.44–18.90)	1×10^−6	2.3×10^−15	7×10^−27

Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD. *Data are presented as geometric mean (95% confidence interval) evaluated by ANOVA.

Table 2 Comparison of Lipocalin-2, Adiponectin and IL1β Between Normal, Non-Diabetic Obese and Non-Obese Type 2 DM Groups

	Control (n=25)	Non-Diabetic Obese (n=30)		Non-Obese Type 2 DM (n-30)	p-value
					Univariate	Obese vs Control	Diabetes vs Control		Diabetes vs Obese
Lipocalin-2 (ng/mL)	1st univariate model without adjustment
	91.8 (81.0–103.2)	76.9 (67.9–86.5)		91.3 (81.5–101.7)	0.060	0.043	0.95		0.040
	2nd univariate model adjusted for waist circumference
	88.5 (72.9–106.1)	80.8 (64.0–100.0)		89.9 (78.7–102.0)	0.76	0.62	0.88		0.48
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	1st univariate model without adjustment
	4.14 (3.28–5.11)	2.91 (2.26–3.65)		3.76 (3.00–4.59)	0.087	0.034	0.524		0.117
	2nd univariate model adjusted for waist circumference
	3.84 (2.75–5.12)	3.42 (2.00–5.22)		3.45 (2.44–4.64)	0.787	0.740	0.507		0.979
Interleukin-1β (ρg/mL)	1st univariate model without adjustment
	0.34 (0.25–0.44)	0.60 (0.50–0.71)		0.57 (0.46–0.68)	0.001	0.001	0.003		0.60
	2nd univariate model adjusted for waist circumference
	0.41 (0.25–0.57)	0.52 (0.34–0.71)		0.60 (0.48–0.71)	0.052	0.46	0.022		0.57

Note: Data are presented as geometric mean (95% confidence interval) adjusted for waist circumference; evaluated by univariate (General Linear Model).

Table 3 Association of Lipocalin-2, Adiponectin and Interleukin-1β with Metabolic Syndrome Factors and Diabetic Parameters Among Non-Diabetic Subjects

Parameters	Lipocalin-2	Adiponectin	Interleukin-1β
BMI	− 0.293 (0.03)	− 0.347 (0.009)	0.487 (0.0002)
Waist Circumference	− 0.346 (0.010)	− 0.335 (0.012)	0.435 (0.001)
SBP	− 0.233 (0.087)	− 0.270 (0.047)	0.305 (0.023)
DBP	− 0.207 (0.129)	− 0.315 (0.019)	0.246 (0.070)
Triglyceride	0.032 (0.819)	− 0.291 (0.031)	0.007 (0.962)
HDL-c	− 0.003 (0.980)	0.166 (0.277)	0.171 (0.213)
LDL-c	− 0.161 (0.239)	0.120 (0.381)	0.205 (0.134)
FBG	− 0.119 (0.386)	− 0.182 (0.184)	0.321 (0.017)
Insulin	− 0.209 (0.126)	− 0.427 (0.001)	0.223 (0.101)
HOMA-IR	− 0.265 (0.049)	− 0.457 (0.0005)	0.260 (0.055)
HOMA-β	− 0.141 (0.305)	− 0.356 (0.008)	0.124 (0.368)
Lipocalin-2	__________	0.068 (0.62)	− 0.321 (0.017)
Adiponectin	__________	__________	0.034 (0.804)

Note: Data presented represent b values (p values) assessed by linear regression adjusted for age.