Affective Temperament and Glycemic Control – The Psychological Aspect of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Parameters in Study Subgroups

	Nondiabetic (n=87)	IFG/IGT (n=42)	Diabetic (n=56)	P	Post Hoc
Gender (♀/♂)	65/22	33/9	48/8	0.69	ns.
Age [y]	35.0 (18.0–68.0)	42.0 (18.0–69.0)	52.0 (31.0–61.0)	<0.0001	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p=0.00004 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p<0.00001 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic np=0.0004
BMI	41.5 (30.1–64.1)	42.5 (31.2–58.6)	48.9 (35.5–61.3)	0.0036	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p=0.83 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p=0.002 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic p=0.003
Degree of obesity (n,%)	I – 10 (11.5%) II – 23 (26.5%) III – 54 (62%)	I – 5 (12%) II – 12 (28.5%) III – 24.5(59.5%)	I – 8 (14%) II – 18 (32%) III – 30 (54%)	0.025	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p=0.73 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p=0.01 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic p= 0.01
BDI	9.0 (6.0–14.0)	7.0 (3.0–15.0)	7.0 (4.0–13.0)	0.19	ns.
Hypertension [n,%]	21 (24%)	22 (52.4%)	28 (50%)	<0.0001	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p=0.001 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p<0.00001 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic p=0.03

Notes: Kruskal Wallis ANOVA; Post hoc analysis – Fischer NIR test. Results with statistical significance are presented in bold font.

Abbreviation: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory.

Table 2 Metabolic Results in Study Subgroups (Median and Range)

	Nondiabetic (n=87)	IFG/IGT (n=42)	Diabetic (n=56)	P	Post Hoc
Fasting glucose [mg/dl]	88.0 (71.0–99.0)	103.0 (81.0–124.0)	130 (98–215.0)	<0.0001	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p<0.00001 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p<0.00001 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic p<0.00001
C-peptide level [nmol/l]	2.44 (0.28–11.8)	3.36 (0.22–101.0)	4.08 (0.33–101.0)	0.026	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p=0.28 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p=0.03 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic p=0.16
HbA1c (%)	5.4 (4.36–6.5)	5.8 (5.0–7.2)	7.8 (4.84–8.7)	<0.0001	Nondiabetic vs IFG/IGT p=0.001 Nondiabetic vs Diabetic p<0.00001 IFG/IGT vs Diabetic p<0.00001

Notes: Kruskal Wallis ANOVA; Post hoc analysis – Fischer NIR test. Results with statistical significance are presented in bold font.

Table 3 Psychometric Properties for TEMPS-A and BDI in Study Group

	All (n=185)	Women (n=146)	Men (n=39)	P
TEMPS_D	0.42 (0.28–0.52)	0.38 (0.28–0.52)	0.42 (0.23–0.42)	0.09
TEMPS_C	0.38 (0.23–0.57)	0.33 (0.23–0.57)	0.52 (0.23–0.61)	0.12
TEMPS_H	0.52 (0.38–0.61)	0.52 (0.33–0.57)	0.57 (0.38–0.61)	0.37
TEMPS_I	0.19 (0.04–0.28)	0.09 (0.04–0.28)	0.23 (0.09–0.33)	0.01
TEMPS_A	0.32 (0.23–0.52)	0.32 (0.24–0.47)	0.35 (0.17–0.52)	0.34
BDI	9.0 (5.0–18.0)	9.0 (5.0–17.0)	10.0 (5.0–22.0)	0.38
Fasting glucose	95.0 (88.0–111.0)	94.0 (88.0–107.0)	97.0 (90.0–115.5)	0.19
C-peptide	2.99 (2.28–3.9)	2.77 (2.19–3.65)	3.9 (2.7–4.9)	0.003
HbA1c	5.6 (5.3–6.3)	5.6 (5.3–6.1)	5.8 (5.6–6.8)	0.01

Note: Mann–Whitney U test.

Table 4 TEMPS-A Affective Temperament Results in Study Subgroups (Median and Q25-Q75)

	Nondiabetic (n=87)	IFG/IGT (n=42)	Diabetic (n=56)	P
TEMPS_D	0.35 (0.30–0.45)	0.33 (0.27–0.42)	0.42 (0.28–0.47)	0.83
TEMPS_C	0.38 (0.19–0.59)	0.47 (0.23–0.57)	0.47 (0.28–0.57)	0.62
TEMPS_H	0.52 (0.39–0.61)	0.53 (0.38–0.63)	0.57 (0.28–0.61)	0.67
TEMPS_I	0.09 (0.05–0.25)	0.17 (0.04–0.28)	0.19 (0.05–0.33)	0.81
TEMPS_A	0.32 (0.24–0.51)	0.32 (0.23–0.55)	0.35 (0.24–0.47)	0.76

Note: Kruskal Wallis ANOVA; Post hoc analysis – Fischer NIR test.

Table 5 R-Spearman Correlations of TEMPS-A and BDI Scores with Metabolic Parameters

Results in IGT/IFG Patients
TEMPS-A	Fasting Glucose [mg/dl]	p	HbA1c (%)	P
Depressive	−0.162	0.30	−0.210	0.18
Cyclothymic	−0.049	0.75	−0.079	0.61
Hyperthymic	0.327	0.03	0.126	0.42
Irritable	0.045	0.77	0.095	0.54
Anxious	−0.096	0.54	0.042	0.79
BDI	0.042	0.79	−0.233	0.13
Results in Diabetic Patients
TEMPS-A	Fasting Glucose [mg/dl]	p	HbA1c (%)	P
Depressive	0.455	0.0004	−0.226	0.09
Cyclothymic	0.274	0.04	−0.130	0.33
Hyperthymic	−0.324	0.01	0.036	0.79
Irritable	−0.119	0.38	−0.257	0.055
Anxious	0.347	0.008	0.401	0.002
BDI	0.091	0.50	0.372	0.004

Note: Results with statistical significance are presented in bold font.

Table 6 ANCOVA Mulitocovariance Test in Diabetes Group

Fasting Glucose		SS	F	p
Gender		1423	3.46	0.09
Age		235	0.57	0.47
BMI		561	1.36	0.27
TEMPS-A	Depressive	899	2.18	0.17
	Cyclothymic	4407	10.7	0.011
	Hyperthymic	1033	2.51	0.15
	Irritable	965	2.35	0.16
	Anxious	1.8	0.004	0.94
HbA1C		SS	F	p
Gender		0.48	1.08	0.32
Age		0.0001	0.0003	0.98
BMI		0.05	0.11	0.74
TEMPS-A	Depressive	0.02	0.05	0.81
	Cyclothymic	0.004	0.009	0.90
	Hyperthymic	0.66	1.48	0.25
	Irritable	0.19	0.44	0.52
	Anxious	3.41	7.58	0.02

Note: Results with statistical significance are presented in bold font.