Diabetic Complications and Associated Factors: A 5-Year Facility-Based Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Rwanda

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow diagram showing the selection process.

Table 1 Characteristics of Participants

Variable, N=246	Frequency, n (%)
Age
<45 years	85(34.8)
≥45 years	159(65.2)
Mean (SD)	52.8(18.2)
Sex
Female	135(54.9)
Male	111(45.1)
Marital status
Single	51(21.8)
Married	137(58.6)
Separated/Divorced	7(3.0)
Widowed	39(16.7)
Religion
Christians	154(84.6)
Muslims	23(12.6)
Others	5(2.8)
Residence
Central	138(58.7)
Peripherals	97(41.2)
Insurance coverage
Insured	217(91.6)
Not Insured	20(8.4)
Occupation
Professionals	11(8.8)
Non-Professionals	113(91.1)
Socioeconomic status
Category 1	10(15.9)
Category 2	18(28.6)
Category 3	33(52.4)
Unclassified	2(3.2)
Alcohol
No	86(51.5)
Yes	81(48.5)
Smoking
No	125(75.8)
Yes	40(24.2)
BMI
Obese	43(52.4)
Non-Obese	39(47.5)
Family history
No	21(43.8)
Yes	27(56.3)

Abbreviations: N, total number of entries; n, number of entries in a given category; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Clinical Features of Participants

Variable	Frequency, n (%)
Duration of DM (N=213)
>6 years	66(31.0)
≤6 years	147(69.0)
Type of DM (N=181)
T1DM	28(15.5)
T2DM	153(84.5)
Presenting symptoms (N=147)
Asymptomatic	4(2.7)
Classical symptoms	82(55.8)
Non-classical symptoms	61(41.5)
Recent DM therapy (N=226)
Combined orals	27(12)
Injectables	164(72.6)
Monotherapy	35(15.5)
Complications if any (N=246)
No	33(13.4)
Yes	213(86.6)
Microvascular complications	90(42.3)
Macrovascular complications	142(66.7)
Acute complications	67(31.5)
HbA1c status (N=104)
Poorly controlled	100(96.2)
Well controlled	4(3.9)
Clinical outcome (N=113)
Alive	74(65.5)
Died	39(34.5)
Period of death (N=17)
1–5 years	4(23.5)
>5 years	13(76.5)

Abbreviations: N, total number of entries in a given category; n, number of entries in a given sub-category.

Table 3 Factors Associated with DM Complications

Variable	Complication		p-value
	Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Overall	213(86.5)	33 (13.4)
Age			0.053
<45 years	69(81.2)	16(18.8)
≥45 years	143(89.9)	16(10.1)
Sex			0.277
Female	114(84.4)	21(15.6)
Male	99(89.2)	12(10.8)
Marital status			0.971
Married	119(86.9)	18(13.1)
Separated/Divorced	6(85.7)	1(14.3)
Single	44(86.3)	7(13.7)
Widowed	33(84.6)	6(15.4)
Religion			0.593
Christians	139(87.4)	20(12.6)
Muslims	21(91.3)	2(8.7)
Residence			0.461
Central	121(87.7)	17(12.3)
Peripheral	83(85.6)	14(14.4)
Insurance coverage			0.480
Insured	187(86.2)	30(13.8)
Not insured	19(95)	1(5)
Occupation			0.693
Non-Professional	98(86.7)	15(13.3)
Profession	10(90.9)	1(9.1)
Economic status			0.82
Category 1	10(100)	0(0)
Category 2	18(100)	0(0)
Category 3	32(97)	1(3)
Unclassified	2(100)	0(0)
Alcohol consumption			0.073
No	69(80.2)	17(19.8)
Yes	73(90.1)	8(9.9)
Smoking			0.323
No	103(82.4)	22(17.6)
Yes	36(90)	4(10)
BMI status			0.106
Non-Obese	31(79.5)	8(20.5)
Obese	40(93)	3(7)
Duration of DM			0.001
>6 years	64(97)	2(3)
≤6 years	119(81)	28(19)
Type of DM			0.979
T1DM	5(83.3)	1(16.7)
T2DM	27(93.1)	2(6.9)

Table 4 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of the Factors Associated with DM Complications

Variable	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Age
<45 years	Reference
≥45 years	6.2(1.4–27.6)	0.016
Sex
Female	Reference
Male	0.5(0.1–1.8)	0.285
Marital status
Single	Reference
Married	0.5(0.1–3.3)	0.472
Separated/Divorced	0.2(0–3.5)	0.255
Widowed	0.5(0–4.9)	0.518
Residence
Central	Reference
Peripheral	0.3(0.1–1.1)	0.060
Insurance coverage
Insured	Reference
Not insured	9.6(0.7–136.6)	0.096
Alcohol consumption
No	Reference
Yes	8(2–32.6)	0.003
Duration of DM
<6 years	Reference
≥6 years	4.8(0.9–25.1)	0.062
Type of DM
T2DM	Reference
T1DM	14.1(1.2–161.5)	0.034

Abbreviation: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 Mean Age, Duration of DM and HbA1c as They Interact with DM Complications

Variable	Age		Duration of DM		HbA1c Levels
	Mean (SD)	p-value	Mean (SD)	p-value	Mean (SD)	p-value
Type of DM		<0.001		0.007		<0.001
Type 1	24.9(8.5)		2.1(4.8)		15.6(2.9)
Type 2	57.1(15.6)		6.4(9)		10.8(3.4)
Duration of DM		<0.001	N/A			0.011
>6 years	59.7(13.8)				9.9(3.1)
≤6 years	48.6(19.1)				12.2(3.7)
Presence of Complications		0.111		0.002	N/A
No	48(18)		2.4(5.7)
Yes	53.5(18.2)		6.7(8.8)
Type of complication
Microvascular	56.8(15.6)	0.02	9.9(9.8)	<0.001	10.3(3.4)	0.02
Macrovascular	59.1(15.7)	<0.001	8.8(9.3)	<0.001	10.5(3.5)	0.002
Acute complications	42.6(20.5)	<0.001	2.3(4.2)	<0.001	13.3(3.3)	<0.001
DPN	56(14.1)	0.621	14.4(9.5)	0.002	12.8(3.6)	0.344
DN	57.2(14.4)	0.067	11.1(8.5)	<0.001	9.9(3.9)	0.022
CAD	61.6(14.7)	0.135	11.8(11.2)	0.016	10.7(3.3)	0.662
DR	58.3(15.9)	0.145	9.1(11.3)	0.389	10.2(1.9)	0.362
CVD	61.2(14.4)	0.005	8.9(9.6)	0.194	8.5(2.1)	0.052
Diabetic foot	65.9(10.3)	0.007	10.1(9.9)	0.194	11.9(3.8)	0.715
Hypertension	59.8(15)	<0.001	9(9)	<0.001	9.8(3)	<0.001

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN, diabetic nephropathy; CAD, coronary artery disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Figure 2 Complications of DM.

Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; CHD, coronary heart disease; DN, diabetic nephropathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DPN, diabetic neuropathy; ED, erectile dysfunction.