Family History, Consanguinity and Other Risk Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight and Obese Yemeni Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Patients (N=612)

Variable	Mean (SD)	95% CI of Mean	N	%
Age (year)	39.5 (9.5)	38.8–40.3
20–29			77	12.6
30–39			254	41.5
40–49			178	29.1
≥ 50			103	16.8
Sex
Male			196	32.0
Female			416	68.0
Exercise
Yes			208	34.0
No			404	66.0
Fruit and vegetable intake
Yes			115	18.8
No			497	81.2
Khat chewing
Yes			363	59.3
No			249	40.7
Smoking
Yes			120	19.6
No			492	80.4
Height (cm)	158.4 (8.8)	157.7–159.1
Weight (kg)	80.4 (15.0)	79.2–81.6
BMI (kg/m^2)	32.1 (5.7)	31.6–32.5
Overweight			261	42.6
Class I obesity			205	33.5
Class II obesity			86	14.1
Class III obesity			60	9.8
Waist circumference (cm)	98.4 (11.4)	97.5–99.3
F <88, M <102			199	32.5
F ≥ 88, M ≥ 102			413	67.5
Gestational DM
Yes			20	4.8
No			396	95.2
Parent DM
No DM			230	37.6
1 parent			262	42.8
2 parents			74	12.1
2 parents related			46	7.5
Sibling DM
Yes			184	30.1
No			428	69.9
Family History of DM (parents/siblings)
Yes			429	70.1
No			183	29.9
Hypertension
Yes			83	13.6
No			529	86.4

Table 2 Parameters Measured in Patients

Variable		Mean (SD)	95% CI of Mean	N	%
Systolic BP (mmHg)		119.2 (18.2)	117.8–120.7
≥ 140				90	14.7
< 140				522	85.3
Diastolic BP (mmHg)		77.0 (11.7)	76.1–78.0
≥ 90				101	16.5
< 90				511	83.5
FBS (mg/dL)		102.4 (27.5)	100.2–104.6
<100				339	55.4
100–125				208	34.0
>125				65	10.6
RBS (mg/dL)		174.7 (86.3)	156.0–193.4
<140				31	36.9
140–200				34	40.5
> 200				19	22.6
Not done				528
GTT
Normal				51	43.6
Impaired				41	35.0
Diabetes				21	17.9
Not done				4	3.4
Hba1c (%)		6.5 (1.4)	6.2–6.7
< 5.7				28	18.8
5.7–6.4				69	46.3
≥ 6.5				52	34.9
Not done				463

Table 3 Family History of DM and FBS Level

Variable	DM in Parents‎/Sibling		No DM in Parents‎/Sibling		p value
	N	%	N	%
FBG (mg/dL)					0.073
<100	225	52.4	114	62.3
100–125	154	35.9	54	29.5
>125	50	11.7	15	8.2

Figure 1 Prevalence of pre-DM and DM in relation to family history and consanguinity. The figure shows the percentage of subjects with prediabetes and diabetes in relation to the number of first-degree relatives with diabetes in addition to the presence of consanguinity (p value 0.031).

Table 4 Univariate Analysis Showing Risk Factors for Pre-DM and DM*

Variable		Total	Normal		Pre-DM					DM
			N	%	N	%	p value	OR	95% CI	N	%	p value	OR	95% CI
Age (years)
20–29		77	46	59.7	27	35.1		1.00		4	5.2		1.00
30–39		254	159	62.6	70	27.6	0.307	0.75	0.43–1.30	25	9.8	0.294	1.81	0.60–5.46
40–49		178	81	45.5	74	41.6	0.128	1.56	0.88–2.75	23	12.9	0.039	3.27	1.06–10.03
≥ 50		103	53	51.5	37	35.9	0.592	1.19	0.63–2.24	13	12.6	0.087	2.82	0.86–9.26
Sex
Male		196	103	52.6	66	33.7	0.741	1.07	0.73–1.55	27	13.8	0.078	1.63	0.94–2.81
Female		416	236	56.7	142	34.1		1.00		38	9.1		1.00
Exercise
Yes		208	117	56.3	72	34.6	0.981	1.01	0.70–1.44	19	9.1	0.409	0.78	0.44–1.40
No		404	222	55.0	136	33.7		1.00		46	11.4		1.00
Fruit and vegetable intake
Yes		115	64	55.7	37	32.2	0.750	0.93	0.59–1.46	14	12.2	0.619	1.18	0.62–2.26
No		497	275	55.3	171	34.4		1.00		51	10.3		1.00
Khat chewing
Yes		363	187	51.5	130	35.8	0.091	1.36	0.95–1.93	46	12.7	0.020	1.97	1.11–3.50
No		249	152	61.0	78	31.3		1.00		19	7.6		1.00
Smoking
Yes		120	63	52.5	44	36.7	0.462	1.18	0.76–1.81	13	10.8	0.789	1.10	0.56–2.13
No		492	276	56.1	164	33.3		1.00		52	10.6		1.00
BMI (kg/m2)
Overweight		261	145	55.6	92	35.2		1.00		24	9.2		1.00
Class I obesity		205	116	56.6	70	34.1	0.804	0.95	0.64–1.41	19	9.3	0.975	0.99	0.52–1.90
Class II obesity		86	57	66.3	18	20.9	0.021	0.50	0.28–0.90	11	12.8	0.698	1.17	0.54–2.54
Class III obesity		60	21	35.0	28	46.7	0.020	2.10	1.13–3.92	11	18.3	0.008	3.17	1.36–7.39
Waist circumference (cm)
F <88, M <102		199	112	56.3	68	34.2	0.933	0.98	0.68–1.422	19	9.5	0.548	0.84	0.47–1.50
F ≥ 88, M ≥ 102		413	227	55.0	140	33.9		1.00		46	11.1		1.00
Gestational DM
Yes		20	8	40.0	9	45.0	0.180	1.93	0.73–5.12	3	15.0	0.386	2.44	0.62–9.65
No		396	228	57.6	133	33.6		1.00		35	8.8		1.00
Parent DM
No DM		230	131	57.0	75	32.6		1.00		24	10.4		1.00
1 parent		262	144	55.0	93	35.5	0.540	1.13	0.77–1.66	25	9.5	0.862	0.95	0.52–1.74
2 parents		74	40	54.1	26	35.1	0.662	1.14	0.64–2.01	8	10.8	0.844	1.09	0.46–2.62
2 parents related		46	24	52.2	14	30.4	0.959	1.02	0.50–2.09	8	17.4	0.198	1.82	0.73–4.52
Sibling DM							1.019
Yes		184	84	45.7	73	39.7	0.010	1.64	1.13–2.39	27	14.7	0.006	2.16	1.24–3.74
No		428	255	59.6	135	31.5		1.00		38	8.9		1.00
Family history of DM							1.642
Yes		429	225	52.4	154	35.9	0.059	1.45	0.99–2.12	50	11.7	0.095	1.69	0.91–3.14
No		183	114	62.3	54	29.5		1.00		15	8.2		1.00
Hypertension
Yes		83	35	42.2	30	36.1	0.150	1.46	0.87–2.47	18	21.7	<0.001	3.33	1.74–6.35
No		529	304	57.5	178	33.6		1.00		47	8.9		1.00
Systolic BP (mmHg)
≥ 140		90	42	46.7	34	37.8	0.194	1.38	0.85–2.25	14	15.6	0.051	1.94	0.99–3.81
< 140		522	297	56.9	174	33.3		1.00		51	9.8		1.00
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
≥ 90		101	50	49.5	34	33.7	0.615	1.13	0.70–1.82	17	16.8	0.024	2.05	1.09–3.84
< 90		511	289	56.6	174	34.1		1.00		48	9.4		1.00
GTT							1.129
Normal		51	10	19.6	41	80.4		1.00		0	0.0		1.00
Impaired		41	4	9.8	35	85.4	0.232	2.13	0.62–7.41	2	4.9		-
Diabetes		21	3	14.3	16	76.2	0.715	1.30	0.32–5.35	2	9.5		-
Not done		4	0	0.0	4	100.0	0.999	-		0	0.0		-
Hba1c (%)							1.301
< 5.7		28	9	32.1	17	60.7		1.00		2	7.1		1.00
5.7–6.4		69	11	15.9	41	59.4	0.203	1.97	0.69–5.62	17	24.6	0.026	6.96	1.26–38.44
≥6.5		52	0	0.0	22	42.3	0.998	-		30	57.7	0.998	-

Note: * P-value and OR were calculated for Pre-DM and DM patients separately against the Normal.

Figure 2 Waist circumference was significantly correlated with BMI r= 0.65 (p value <0.001).

Table 5 Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Pre-DM and DM

Variable	B	S.E.	Wald	p value	AOR	95% CI
						Lower	Upper
Pre-DM against Normal
Age (30–39 years old)	−0.48	0.23	4.54	0.033	0.62	0.40	0.96
Khat chewing	0.48	0.22	4.62	0.032	1.61	1.04	2.48
Class III obesity	1.13	0.35	10.32	0.001	3.10	1.56	6.18
Sibling DM	0.54	0.23	5.40	0.020	1.72	1.09	2.71
DM against Normal
Age (40–49 year)	0.60	0.31	3.79	0.051	1.82	1.00	3.33
Khat chewing	0.74	0.31	5.67	0.017	2.09	1.14	3.82
Class III obesity	1.21	0.42	8.22	0.004	3.35	1.47	7.65
Sibling DM	0.80	0.30	7.33	0.007	2.24	1.25	4.00
Hypertension	1.29	0.35	13.80	<0.001	3.64	1.84	7.18