Statin Prescription Patterns and Associated Factors Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending Diabetic Clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Figures & data

Figure 1 CONSORT diagram to show the recruitment process of participants.

Note: Adapted from Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Br Med J. 2010;340:c332. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c332. Creative Commons.⁴⁸

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of type 2 Diabetes Participants (n = 395)

Variables	Frequency, n (%)
Age, mean ± SD, years	58.1±10.3
Age <40	24(6.1)
Age ≥40	371(93.9)
Sex
Male	154(39.0)
Female	241(61.0)
Education level
≤primary	208(52.7)
≥secondary	187(47.3)
Insurance
Non-insured	120(30.4)
Insured	275(69.6)
Prescriber
General Practitioner	134(33.9)
Endocrinologist	261(66.1)
BMI
Normal	84(21.3)
Overweight	177(44.8)
Obese	134(33.9)
(BP)
<140/90	203(51.4)
≥140/90	192(48.6)
Diabetes duration, mean± SD	10.2±7.6
<10 years	194(49.1)
≥10 years	201(50.9)
Cigarette Smoking
No history of smoking	354(89.6)
History of smoking	41(10.4)
Hypertension
No	88(22.3)
Yes	307(77.7)
(CAD
No	387(98.0)
Yes	8(2.0)
(PAD
No	383(97.0)
Yes	12(3.0)
(CVE
No	368(93.2)
Yes	27(6.8)
Chronic complications
Neuropathy	309(78.3)
Retinopathy	234(59.2)
Nephropathy	121(30.6)
LDL-cholesterol
Normal	59(42.7)
High	82(20.8)
HbAIc
<6.5% (on target)	44(27.3)
≥6.5% (not on target)	117(72.7)
eGFR
<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2	81(32.5)
≥60 ml/min/1.73 m^2	168(67.5)
Protein in urine
Negative	152(38.5)
Positive	104(26.3)
Risk strata
Moderate	47(11.9)
High	348(88.1)

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HbAIc, glycated hemoglobin; CAD, coronary arterial disease; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; CVE, cerebral vascular event.

Figure 2 Prescribed statins among study participants.

Figure 3 Prescription of statins in relation to risk stratification among type 2 diabetes participants.

Table 2 Factors Associated with Statin Prescription Patterns Among Type 2 Diabetes Participants (N = 395)

Variables	Statin Patterns		Chi-Square Test Statistic	Degrees of Freedom	P-value
	Received*(n, %)	Not Received (n, %)
Age
Age <40	2(8.3)	22(91.7)	14.93	1	<0.001
Age ≥40	185(49.9)	186(50.1)
Sex
Male	77(50.0)	77(50.0)	0.55	1	0.458
Female	110(45.6)	131(54.4)
Education level
≤primary	90(43.4)	117(56.6)	2.28	1	0.13
≥secondary	97(51.5)	91(48.4)
Insurance
Non-insured	12(10.0)	108(90.0)	95.85	1	<0.001
Insured	175(63.6)	100(36.4)
Prescriber
General Practitioner	61(45.2)	74(54.8)	0.262	1	0.608
Endocrinologist	126(48.5)	134(51.5)
Body mass index (BMI)
Normal	34(40.5)	52(59.5)	4.48	2	0.107
Overweight	81(45.8)	96(54.2)
Obese	72(53.7)	62(46.3)
Blood pressure (BP)
<140/90	91(44.8)	112(55.2)	1.04	1	0.305
≥140/90	96(50.0)	96(50.0)
Diabetes duration
<10years	77(39.7)	117(60.3)	8.92	1	0.003
≥10years	110(54.7)	91(45.3)
Cigarette smoking
No history of smoking	169(47.7)	185(52.3)	0.09	1	0.734
History of smoking	18(43.9)	23(56.1)
Hypertension
No	27(30.0)	62(70.0)	21.93	1	<0.001
Yes	160(52.2)	146(47.8)
Coronary arterial disease (CAD)
No	180(46.5)	207(53.5)			0.023
Yes	7(87.5)	1(12.5)
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
No	181(47.3)	202(52.7)	0.001	1	1
Yes	6(50.0)	6(50.0)
Cardiovascular events (CVE)
No	170(46.2)	198(53.8)	2.204	1	0.136
Yes	17(63.0)	10(37.0)
Neuropathy
Yes	150(48.5)	159(51.5)	0.62	1	0.433
No	37(43.0)	49 (57.0)
Retinopathy
Yes	119 (51.1)	114 (48.9)	2.282	1	0.093
No	68 (41.9)	94 (58.1)
Nephropathy
Yes	29 (49.1)	30 (50.9)	0.03	1	0.872
No	158 (47.0)	178 (53.0)
LDL-cholesterol
Normal	38(64.4)	21(35.6)	0.09	1	0.763
High	56(68.3)	26(31.7)
HbAIc
<6.5% (on target)	31(70.5)	13(29.5)	0.93	1	0.336
≥6.5% (not on target)	71(60.7)	46(39.3)
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2	50(61.7)	31(38.3)	0.001	1	1
≥60 ml/min/1.73 m^2	103(61.3)	65(38.7)
Protein in urine
Negative	82(60.7)	53(39.3)	0.23	1	0.634
Positive	69(57.0)	52(43.0)
Risk strata
Moderate	21(44.7)	26(55.3)	2.71	1	0.09
High	166(47.7)	182(52.3)

Notes: *Moderate intensity statins was the only pattern observed. Bold indicates statistically significant.

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Regression on Factors Associated with Statin Prescription Patterns

Characteristic	Odds Ratios (95% CI)	P-value
Age
Age <40	0.203 (0.02–1.87)	0.16
Age ≥40	Reference
Insurance
Non insured	0.056 (0.03–0.12)	0.001
Insured	Reference
Hypertension
No	0.259 (0.12–0.54)	<0.001
Yes	Reference

chulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials Br Med J. 2010;340:c332. doi:10.1136/bmj.c332. Creative Commons.

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