Central Obesity and Associated Factors Among Urban Adults in Dire Dawa Administrative City, Eastern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Economic Characteristics of the Respondents Among Adults in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020 (n=611)

Variable	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Male	176	28.8
	Female	435	71.2
Age	18–29	152	24.9
	30–44	309	50.6
	≥45	150	24.5
Educational Status	No Formal Education	80	13.1
	Primary Education	66	10.8
	Secondary or High school	178	29.1
	College and above	287	47.0
Marital Status	Single	114	18.7
	Married	396	64.8
	Separated/Divorced	51	8.3
	Widowed	50	8.2
Religion	Protestant	47	7.7
	Muslim	252	41.2
	Orthodox	308	50.4
	Catholic	4	0.7
Ethnicity	Oromo	232	38.0
	Somali	40	6.5
	Amhara	297	48.6
	*Others	42	6.9
Occupational Status	Unemployed	116	19.0
	Employed	136	22.3
	Merchant	101	16.5
	Daily Laborer	180	29.5
	Housewife	64	10.5
	**Others	14	2.3
Family size	<4	383	62.7
	≥4	228	37.3
Wealth Index	Low	210	34.4
	Medium	109	17.8
	High	292	47.8
HH Food security status	Food secure	444	72.7
	Food insecure	167	27.3

Note: *Others were Gurage 26(4.2%), Hadare 5(0.8%), Tigray 4(0.65%), and Hadiya 3(0.49%), **Others were drivers 14(2.29%).

Figure 1 Prevalence of central obesity by sex among adults in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia. (n = 611).

Table 2 Factors Associated with Central Obesity Among Adults on Simple Logistic Regression Analyses, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020. (n=611)

Variables	Categories	Central Obesity		COR, 95%(CI)	P-value
		Obese	Non-Obese
Age in years	18–29	99(21.3%)	53(36.3%)	1	1
	30–44	238(51.2%)	71(48.6%)	1.80(1.72,2.75)	0.007*
	≥45	128(27.5%)	22(15.1%)	3.12(1.78,5.46)	0.000*
Sex	Male	116(24.9%)	60(41.1%)	1	1
	Female	349(75.1%)	86(58.9%)	2.10(1.42,3.10)	0.000*
Marital status	Single	69(14.8%)	45(30.8%)	1	1
	Married	319(68.2%)	77(52.7%)	2.70(1.72,4.24)	0.000*
	Separated/divorced	40(8.6%)	11(7.5%)	2.37(1.10,5.10)	0.027*
	Widowed	37(8%)	13(8.9%)	1.85(0.89,3.87)	0.099
Wealth index	Poor	174(37.4%)	36(24.7%)	1	1
	Medium	85(18.3%)	24(16.4%)	0.73(0.41,1.30)	0.292
	Rich	206(44.3%)	86(58.9%)	0.50(0.32,0.77)	0.002*
Occupational status	Unemployed	82(17.6%)	34(23.3%)	1	1
	Employed	112(24.1%)	24(16.4%)	1.94(1.073.51)	0.030*
	Merchant	86(18.5%)	15(10.3%)	2.38(1.21,4.70)	0.012*
	Daily Laborer	122(26.2%)	58(39.7%)	0.87(0.53,1.44)	0.797
	Housewife	52(11.2%)	12(8.2%)	1.80(0.85,3.78)	0.123
	Others	11(2.4%)	3(2.1%)	1.52(0.40,5.79)	0.539
Current Alcohol consumption	Yes	230(49.5%)	41(28.1%)	2.51(1.67,3.76)	0.000*
	No	235(50.5%)	105(71.9%)	1	1
Time used to Watch television	None	36(7.7%)	19(13%)	1	1
	<2hr	184(39.6%)	80(54.8%)	1.21(0.66,2.24)	0.54
	≥2hr	245(52.7%)	47(32.2%)	2.75(1.45,5.20)	0.002*
Physical activity status	Active	59(12.7%)	36(24.7%)	1	1
	Inactive	406(87.3%)	110(75.3%)	2.25(1.42,3.59)	0.001*
Skipping breakfast	Yes	189(40.6%)	72(49.3%)	0.70(0.84,1.02)	0.065
	No	276(59.4%)	74(50.7%)	1	1
Hypertension	Yes	61(13.1%)	11(7.5%)	1.85(0.95,3.63)	0.072
	No	404(86.9%)	135(92.5%)	1	1
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	32(8.9%)	12(8.2%)	0.83(0.41,1.65)	0.586
	No	433(93.1%)	134(91.8%)	1	1
Comorbidity (HTN and DM)	Yes	16(3.4%)	6(4.1%)	0.83(0.32,2.17)	0.706
	No	449(96.4%)	140(95.9%)	1	1
Antiretroviral	Yes	12(2.6%)	2(1.4%)	1.91(0.42,8.62)	0.402
	No	453(97.4%)	144(50.7%)	1	1
Dietary Diversity score	Low	193(41.5%)	53(21.2%)	1.25(0.85,1.83)	0.264
	High	272(58.5%)	93(63.7%)	1	1
Time to recline per day	<3 hour per day	270(58.1%)	77(52.7%)	1	1
	≥3 hour per day	195(41.9%)	69(47.3%)	0.86(0.56,1.17)	0.258
Meal frequency	Two or less	77(16.6%)	31(21.2%)	1	1
	Three or more	388(83.4%)	115(78.8%)	1.36(0.85,2.17)	0.198
Food insecurity	Secure	342(73.5%)	102(69.9%)	1	1
	Insecurity	123(26.5%)	44(30.1%)	0.83(0.55,1.26)	0.384
Practice of meal eating	Home	405(87.1%)	124(84.9%)	1	1
	Out of home	60(65.8%)	22(15.1%)	0.84(0.49,1.42)	0.564
Ever Smoking	Yes	65(14%)	22(15.1%)	0.92(0.54,1.55)	0.742
	No	400(86%)	124(84.9%)	1	1
Khat chewing	Yes	238(51.2%)	70(47.9%)	1.14(0.78,1.65)	0.495
	No	227(48.8%)	76(52.1%)	1	1
Snack habit	Yes	158(34%)	56(38%)	0.84(0.57,1.23)	0.359
	No	306(65.8%)	90(61.6%)	1	1
Educational status	Never educated	58(12.5%)	22(15.1%)	1	1
	Primary school	51(11%)	15(10.3%)	1.29(0.61,2.75)	0.510
	Secondary /higher	143(30.8%)	35(24%)	1.55(0.84,2.85)	0.162
	College and above	465(45.8%)	146(50.7%)	1.09(0.63,1.91)	0.757

Note: *Significant at p-value ≤0.25 in unadjusted logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviation: COR, Crude Odds Ratio.

Table 3 Factors Associated with Central Obesity Among Adults on Multiple Logistic Regression Analyses, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020. (n=611)

Variables	Categories	Central Obesity		AOR, 95%(CI)	P-value
		Obese	Non Obese
Age in years	18–29	99(21.3%)	53(36.3%)	1	1
	30–44	238(51.2%)	71(48.6%)	1.61(0.97, 2.67)	0.065
	≥45	128(27.5%)	22(15.1%)	3.75(1.86,7.55)	0.000*
Sex	Male	116(24.9%)	60(41.1%)	1	1
	Female	349(75.1%)	86(58.9%)	2.52(1.62,3.94)	0.000*
Marital status	Single	69(14.8%)	45(30.8%)	1	1
	Married	319(68.2%)	77(52.7%)	2.07(1.23,3.49)	0.006*
	Separated/Divorce	40(8.6%)	11(7.5%)	1.47(0.61,3.55)	0.386
	Widowed	37(8%)	13(8.9%)	0.77(0.31,1.92)	0.578
Wealth index	Poor	174(37.4%)	36(24.7%)	1	1
	Medium	85(18.3%)	24(16.4%)	0.91(0.48,1.75)	0.787
	Rich	206(44.3%)	86(58.9%)	0.68(0.40,1.16)	0.155
Occupational status	Unemployed	82(17.6%)	34(23.3%)	1	1
	Employed	112(24.1%)	24(16.4%)	1.41(0.72,2.78)	0.320
	Merchant	86(18.5%)	15(10.3%)	1.85(0.86,3.97)	0.115
	Daily Laborer	122(26.2%)	58(39.7%)	0.79(0.43,1.44)	0.439
	Housewife	52(11.2%)	12(8.2%)	0.84(0.36,1.92)	0.674
	Others	11(2.4%)	3(2.1%)	1.50(0.35,1.16)	0.586
Current alcohol consumption	Yes	230(49.5%)	41(28.1%)	2.61(1.68,4.05)	0.000*
	No	235(50.5%)	105(71.9%)	1	1
Time used to Watch television	None	36(7.7%)	19(13%)	1	1
	<2hr	184(39.6%)	80(54.8%)	1.67(0.83,3.40)	0.153
	≥2hr	245(52.7%)	47(32.2%)	3.30(1.59,6.82)	0.001*
Physical activity status	Active	59(12.7%)	36(24.7%)	1	1
	Inactive	406(87.3%)	110(75.3%)	2.05(1.23,3.42)	0.006*

Note: *P value<0.05 (significantly associated).

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.