Impact of physical activity and bodyweight on health-related quality of life in people with type 2 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Mean values of the subscales of SF-36^® separated into overweight (25–29.99), obese grade I (30–35), and obese grade II (>35) (SF-36 scores rated with 95% confidence intervals [CI])

SF-36	Mean (95% CI)			P	F	η^2
	BMI 25–29.99	BMI 30–35	BMI > 35
PCS	68.57 (64.44–72.71)	61.90 (57.85–65.96)	55.06 (50.62–59.50)	<0.001	9.971	0.088
Physical function	75.72 (72.24–79.21)	64.53 (60.42–68.64)	57.38 (53.20–61.57)	<0.001	21.327	0.136
Physical role function	70.60 (62.87–78.32)	63.62 (56.37–70.86)	51.59 (43.31–59.87)	<0.01	5.982	0.053
Bodily pain	66.00 (61.33–70.67)	61.50 (56.56–66.44)	56.33 (50.77–61.89)	<0.05	3.537	0.042
General health	59.16 (55.73–62.59)	55.27 (52.23–58.30)	51.88 (48.20–55.55)	<0.05	4.498	0.046
MCS	73.59 (69.82–77.35)	66.51 (62.50–70.53)	65.03 (60.79–69.27)	<0.01	4.945	0.040
Vitality	58.48 (55.11–61.86)	52.69 (49.49–55.87)	49.36 (45.77–52.95)	<0.01	7.168	0.066
Social function	82.00 (78.45–85.56)	76.56 (72.35–80.77)	74.68 (70.01–79.35)	<0.05	3.226	0.031
Emotional role function	79.17 (71.87–86.46)	70.00 (62.14–77.86)	67.71 (59.85–75.57)	0.093	2.391	0.017
Psychological well-being	71.45 (68.28–74.63)	68.44 (65.01–71.87)	66.44 (62.61–70.26)	0.135	2.010	0.016

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MCS, mental composite summary; PCS, physical composite summary; SF-36, SF-36 Health Survey.

Table 2 Mean values of SF-36^® subscales separated by physical activity level (recommended PA guidelines = 1000 kcal/week)

SF-36	Mean (SD)		P	t	d
	<1000 kcal n = 115	>1000 kcal n = 231
PCS	59.82 (23.39)	64.60 (22.09)	0.064	−1.861	0.22
Physical function	61.61 (25.02)	70.28 (20.88)	<0.001	−3.613	0.38
Physical role function	61.28 (43.38)	65.04 (40.21)	0.419	−0.809	0.09
Bodily pain	60.09 (27.57)	63.81 (28.06)	0.213	−1.246	0.13
General health	53.86 (17.05)	57.57 (18.70)	0.063	−1.868	0.21
MCS	63.99 (22.35)	71.97 (18.86)	<0.01	−3.443	0.39
Vitality	49.68 (20.15)	56.96 (16.83)	<0.001	−3.670	0.39
Social function	75.28 (23.67)	80.90 (21.47)	<0.05	−2.185	0.25
Emotional role function	67.22 (42.78)	76.99 (38.25)	<0.05	−2.185	0.24
Psychological well-being	65.92 (20.21)	71.12 (16.75)	<0.01	−2.607	0.28

Abbreviations: Kcal, kilocalorie (large calorie); MCS, mental composite summary; PA, physical activity; PCS, physical composite summary; SD, standard deviation; SF-36, SF-36 Health Survey.

Table 3 Pearson’s correlation matrix (n = 330)

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6
1. Age	–
2. Sex	0.107*	–
3. BMI	−0.359**	−0.097*	–
4. PA	−0.252**	0.191*	−0.157*	–
5. WI	−0.0166**	−0.395**	−0.090	−0.034	–
6. DD	0.182*	0.083	0.035	0.044	−0.106	–
7. PCS	−0.071	0.055	−0.334**	0.100	0.082	−0.091
8. Phyfu	−0.091	0.096	−0.380**	0.169*	0.128*	−0.121
9. Phyro	−0.074	0.027	−0.251**	0.049	0.035	−0.148*
10. Pain	−0.054	0.101*	−0.251**	0.051	0.079	−0.034
11. Genhe	0.058	−0.079	−0.226**	0.022	0.080	−0.040
12. MCS	0.032	0.077	−0.225**	0.211**	0.062	0.008
13. Vita	0.113*	0.071	−0.291**	0.249**	0.073	−0.022
14. Sofu	0.061	−0.011	−0.213**	0.143	0.077	0.044
15. Emro	−0.042	0.065	−0.138**	0.130	0.015	−0.026
16. Psyc	0.101	0.087	−0.163**	0.179*	0.034	0.036

Notes:

*P < 0.05 level;

**P < 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DD, diagnosed with diabetes; Emro, emotional function; Genhe, general health; MCS, mental composite summary; PA, physical activity; Pain, bodily pain; PCS, physical composite summary; Phyfu, physical function; Phyro, physical role function; Psyc, psychological well-being; Sofu, social function; Vita, vitality; WI, walk test index.

Table 4 Variables predicting PCS, physical function, MCS, vitality, and psychological well-being of HRQoL (multiple regression of significant predictors, in blocks)

Variables	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
PCS
Age	−0.24	0.17	−0.08	−0.68	0.17	−0.23***	−0.67	0.17	−0.22***
Sex	3.16	2.56	0.07	2.38	2.37	0.05	2.16	2.36	0.05
BMI				−1.61	0.22	−0.41***	−1.59	0.21	−0.41***
PA							0.09	0.04	0.11*
R^2	0.01			0.16			0.17
F for change in R^2	1.56			55.95***			4.15***
Physical function
Age	−0.32	0.16	−0.10	−0.83	0.16	−0.27***	−0.83	0.16	−0.27***
Sex	4.33	2.45	0.09	3.05	2.20	0.07	2.72	2.18	0.06
BMI				−1.85	0.80	−0.48***	−1.85	0.20	−0.47***
PA							0.10	0.04	0.13**
R^2	0.02			0.21			0.23
F for change in R^2	3.10*			87.73***			7.60***
MCS
Age	0.02	0.15	0.01	−0.21	0.16	−0.08	−0.21	0.16	−0.08
Sex	4.91	2.34	0.12*	4.61	2.21	0.11*	4.06	2.24	0.10
BMI				−0.84	0.21	−0.24**	−0.81	0.20	−0.23**
PA							0.13	0.04	0.20***
R^2	0.02			0.07			0.10
F for change in R^2	2.29			16.71***			13.20***
Vitality
Age	0.26	0.14	0.11	0.03	0.14	0.01	0.04	0.14	0.02
Sex	2.92	2.02	0.08	2.35	1.96	0.06	1.84	1.91	0.05
BMI				−0.84	0.18	−0.27***	−0.81	0.17	−0.24***
PA							0.15	0.03	0.24***
R^2	0.02			0.08			0.14
F for change in R^2	3.34*			22.28***			22.03***
Psychological well-being
Age	0.23	0.14	0.09	0.11	0.14	0.05	0.12	0.14	0.05
Sex	2.91	2.03	0.08	2.70	2.02	0.07	2.30	2.00	0.06
BMI				−0.41	0.18	−0.13*	−0.39	0.18	−0.13*
PA							0.11	0.03	0.18**
R^2	0.02			0.03			0.06
F for change in R^2	2.71			4.98*			11.32*

Notes:

*P < 0.05 level;

**P < 0.01 level;

***P < 0.001 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; MCS, mental composite summary; PA, physical activity; PCS, physical composite summary.