A Cross-Sectional Study of Atherosclerosis in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Ketosis-Prone Type 2 Diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 The Characteristics and Anthropometric Features of the KPT2D and NKPT2D Patients in This Study

Variables	KPT2D (n=410)	NKPT2D (n=662)	P value
Height (cm)	168.8±8.3	165.3±9.4	<0.001
Weight (kg)	71.9±15.2	68.7±13	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.0±4.2	24.9±3.6	0.567
Age of onset (years)	38±13	49±14	<0.001
Overweight (%)	22.6%	26.1%	0.205
Obesity (%)	46.8%	45.4%	0.685
Family history	22.2%	17.4%	0.049
Male (%)	82.4%	70.1%	<0.001
Alcohol (%)	24.9%	22.5%	0.373
Smoking (%)	34.6%	34.0%	0.828

Notes: Continuous variables are presented as the mean values ± SD or median values with interquartile ranges (25th to 27th). Categorical variables are presented as percentages.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Biochemical Parameters of the Subjects

Variables	KPT2D (n=410)	NKPT2D (n=662)	P value
RBG (mmol/l)	23.4±9.9	17.2±9.3	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	12.7±2.3	11±2.3	<0.001
Cr (μmol/l)	59±13	65±26	<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)	121.1±16.0	106.9±18.9	<0.001
FPG (mmol/l)	8.9±2.5	7.6±2.0	<0.001
FCP (pmol/l)	660.5±257.4	771.6±326.7	<0.001
2h-PPG (mmol/l)	20.7±4.8	18.2±4.2	<0.001
2h-C-P (pmol/l)	1506.3±634.0	2269.0±1083.3	<0.001
*SBP (mmHg)	122 (112, 131)	125 (115, 135)	0.001
DBP (mmHg)	75±10	77±11	0.033
*TG (mmol/l)	1.73 (1.12, 2.71)	1.61 (1.15, 2.44)	0.206
TC (mmol/l)	5.23±2.21	5.15±1.52	0.520
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.95±0.99	3.02±1.00	0.269
HDL-C (mmol/l)	0.89±0.27	0.99±0.31	<0.001
UA (μmol/l)	318±115	316±94	0.853
*AST (U/L)	25 (18, 39)	25 (19, 38)	0.672
*ALT (U/L)	28 (18, 47)	29 (19, 49)	0.346
Albumin	37.4±4.8	39.2±4.2	<0.001
*HOMA-β	33.02 (22.12, 51.87)	49.20 (35.32, 78.47)	<0.001
HOMA-IR	3.48±1.05	3.58±1.06	0.178
Hypertension	42.4%	57.3%	<0.001

Notes: Continuous variables are presented as the mean values ±SD or the median values with interquartile ranges (25th to 27th). Categorical variables are presented as percentages. *Non-normal distribution of continuous variables.

Abbreviations: RBG, random blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FCP, fasting C-peptide; 2h-PPG, 2-h post prandial plasma glucose; 2h-C-P, 2-h post prandial C-peptide; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA, uric acid; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

Figure 1 Comparison of atherosclerotic among the two groups. (A) The prevalence of atherosclerosis among the two groups. (B) Comparison of atherosclerosis stratified by age. (C) The prevalence of atherosclerosis among the age-paired subjects. (D) Comparison of atherosclerosis stratified by gender. (E) Comparison of atherosclerosis stratified by BMI.

Table 3 Results of Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of the Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

Group	Variables	B Statistic	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P
KPT2D	Age	0.137	1.146	1.101–1.193	<0.001
	Gender	−1.565	0.209	0.072–0.608	0.004
	2h-PPG	0.086	1.09	1.003–1.185	0.043
NKPT2D	Age	0.137	1.146	1.11–1.184	<0.001
	Gender	−1.571	0.208	0.116–0.373	<0.001
	eGFR	0.02	1.02	1.002–1.039	0.032
Total	Age	0.131	1.141	1.114–1.168	<0.001
	Gender	−1.479	0.228	0.147–0.353	<0.001
	KPT2D	0.522	1.685	1.131–2.509	0.010

Notes: Only variables significantly associated with atherosclerosis are shown.

Abbreviations: 2h-PPG, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; KPT2D, ketosis prone type 2 diabetes.