Figures & data
Table 1 Related Studies of Metabolomics in DN
Figure 1 Tricarboxylic acid cycle—three metabolic hubs.
Notes: TCA cycle is the common pathway for the decomposition capacity of the three major nutritional metabolites (glucose, FA and AA), also is the hub of their metabolism. TCA cycle needs to be carried out in mitochondria. When DN causes mitochondrial dysfunction and AGEs increase, it is bound to cause metabolic disorders.
Abbreviations: TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; FA, fatty acid; AA, amino acid; AGEs, advanced glycation end products.
Figure 2 The metabolic process of AcylCNs in organisms.
Notes: When β-oxidation or AA oxidation is incomplete, or ketone body formation is insufficient, acyl-CoA intermediates accumulate and produce less C2. Due to the cytotoxicity of excess acyl-CoA, they are converted into AcylCNs and released into the plasma, eventually excreted into the urine. AcylCNs are important markers of peroxisome and mitochondrial oxidative disorder, which can serve as biomarkers for the metabolic syndrome.
Abbreviations: AcylCNs, acylcarnitines; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; FA, fatty acid; AA, amino acid; C2, acetyl-CoA; CPT I, carnitine palmitoyl transferase I; CPT II, carnitine palmitoyl transferase II.
Figure 3 AcylCNs in DN.
Notes: The abundance of AcylCNs have different changes during the progression from DM to DN, even including AcylCNs with different length chains. These changes are mainly due to the increase of long-chain AcylCNs caused by adaptive compensation enhancement in early FA oxidation, on the contrary, the decrease caused by incomplete oxidation enhancement of FAs caused by mitochondrial dysfunction in the late stage. Drips represent the amount of protein in urine.
Abbreviations: AcylCNs, acylcarnitines; DM, diabetic mellitus; DN, diabetic nephropathy; FAs, fatty acids; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CPT I, carnitine palmitoyl transferase I.
