Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Non-Diabetics in the Arab Gulf

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data Between Diabetics and Non-Diabetics Participants

		Diabetics (n=32)		Non-Diabetics (n=32)		Total		p-value
		No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Nationality	Saudi	9	28.1%	8	25%	17	26.6%	0.09
	Non-Saudi	23	71.9%	24	75%	47	73.4%
Age	18–40	8	25%	11	34.4%	19	29.7%	0.17
	41–65	24	75%	21	65.6%	45	70.3%
Marital Status	Married	31	96.6%	31	96.9%	62	96.6%	0.41
	Unmarried	1	3.1%	1	3.1%	2	3.1%
Smoking Status	Current & Active	7	21.9%	5	15.6%	12	18.8%	0.09
	Ex- Smoker (quit less than 30 days)	3	9.4%	0	0.0%	3	4.7%
	Ex- Smoker (quit less than 3 Never days)	4	12.5%	1	3.1%	5	7.8%
	Never	18	56.2%	26	81.2%	44	68.8%
Education	Bachelor	3	9.4%	3	9.4%	6	9.4%	0.01*
	Diploma	0	0.0%	3	9.4%	3	4.7%
	Higher School	15	46.9%	4	12.5%	19	29.7%
	Postgraduate	14	43.8%	22	68.8%	36	56.2%
Occupation	Does not Work	5	15.6%	1	3.1%	6	9.4%	0.2
	Government Employee	23	71.9%	24	75.0%	47	73.4%
	Private Sector	2	6.2%	6	18.8%	8	12.5%
	Student	2	6.2%	1	3.1%	3	4.7%

Note: *Statistically significant variable (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Comparison Between Diabetics and Non-Diabetics Regarding Dietary Pattern

		Diabetics (n=32)		Non-Diabetics (n=32)		Total		p-value
		No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
	Never	18	56.2%	26	81.2%	44	68.8%
Egg yolk	Never	1	3.2%	1	3.2%	2	3.2%	0.07
	Monthly	0	0.0%	1	3.2%	1	1.6%
	1 time/week	4	12.9%	7	22.6%	11	17.7%
	3 times/week	25	80.6%	15	48.4%	40	64.5%
	Daily	1	3.2%	7	22.6%	8	12.9%
Oily Fish	Never	2	6.2%	4	12.5%	6	9.4%	0.5
	Monthly	7	21.9%	6	18.8%	13	20.3%
	1 time/week	20	62.5%	16	50.0%	36	56.2%
	3 times/week	3	9.4%	6	18.8%	9	14.1%
Liver	Never	6	19.4%	4	12.9%	10	16.1%	0.3
	Monthly	7	22.6%	14	45.2%	21	33.9%
	1 time/week	13	41.9%	10	32.3%	23	37.1%
	3 times/week	5	16.1%	3	9.7%	8	12.9%
Red Meat	Never	1	3.1%	0	0.0%	1	1.6%	0.1
	Monthly	1	3.1%	0	0.0%	1	1.6%
	1 time/week	1	3.1%	6	18.8%	7	10.9%
	3 times/week	25	78.1%	19	59.4%	44	68.8%
	Daily	4	12.5%	7	21.9%	11	17.2%
Fortified food	Never	6	18.8%	6	18.8%	12	18.8%	0.003*
	Monthly	6	18.8%	2	6.2%	8	12.5%
	1 time/week	13	40.6%	4	12.5%	17	26.6%
	3 times/week	5	15.6%	8	25.0%	13	20.3%
	Daily	2	6.2%	12	37.5%	14	21.9%

Note: *Statistically significant variable (p < 0.05).

Figure 1 The duration of daily sunlight exposure among T2DM patients.

Figure 2 The duration of daily sunlight exposure among non-diabetics.

Table 3 Comparison Between Diabetics and Non-Diabetics Regarding HTN

		Diabetics (n=32)		Non-Diabetics (n=32)		Total		p-value
		No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
HTN	No	12	37.5%	25	78.1%	37	57.8%	0.001*
	Yes	20	62.5%	7	21.9%	27	42.2%

Note: *Statistically significant variable (p < 0.05).

Table 4 Vitamin D Deficiency (Dependent Variable) with Socio-Demographic and Dietary Pattern Data (Independent Variables) for T2DM Patients

Factor	P value	Exp B
Egg-yolk	0.038	1
Smoking	0.58	1
Oily-Fish	0.17	1
Liver	0.388	1
Meat	0.038	1
Fortified	0.388	1
Duration	0.263	1
Education	0.356	1
Occupation	0.112	1
Duration of T2DM	0.02*	403869004.2

Note: *Statistically significant variable (p < 0.05).

Figure 3 Vitamin D level among T2DM and non-diabetic participants.