The Prevalence of Diabetes, Prediabetes and Associated Risk Factors in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 General Characteristics of the Community Adult Population in Hangzhou City

Variables	Strata	Normal Blood Glucose	Prediabetes	Diabetes
N		2005 (67.1%)	564 (18.9%)	417 (14%)
Sex	Men	868 (43.3%)	263 (46.6%)	214 (51.3%)
	Women	1137 (56.7%)	301 (53.4%)	203 (48.7%)
Age	Young	824 (27.6%)	104 (18.4%)	11 (2.6%)
	Middle	646 (32.2%)	169 (29.9%)	111 (26.6%)
	Old	535 (40.2%)	291 (51.7%)	295 (70.8%)
Education	Primary school and below	235 (11.7%)	88 (15.6%)	117 (28.1%)
	Junior middle school	486 (24.2%)	190 (33.7%)	155 (37.2%)
	Senior middle school	447 (22.3%)	132 (23.4%)	91 (21.8%)
	Undergraduate and above	837 (41.8%)	154 (27.3%)	54 (12.9%)
Marriage	Single	329 (16.4%)	41 (7.3%)	6 (1.4%)
	Married/cohabitation	1452 (72.4%)	438 (77.7%)	320 (76.7%)
	Widowed/divorced/separated	224 (11.2%)	85 (15%)	91 (21.9%)
Smoking	Never	1618 (80.7%)	442 (78.3%)	283 (67.9%)
	Now	311 (15.5%)	81 (14.4%)	77 (18.5%)
	Once	76 (3.8%)	41 (7.3%)	57 (13.6%)
Drinking	Never	1514 (75.5%)	378 (67%)	267 (64%)
	Now	448 (22.3%)	166 (29.4%)	124 (29.7%)
	Once	43 (2.2%)	20 (3.6%)	26 (6.3%)
Secondhand smoker	No	1724 (85.9%)	495 (87.8%)	361 (86.6%)
	Yes	281 (14.1%)	69 (12.2%)	56 (13.4%)
Exercise	Never or rare	1470 (73.3%)	422 (74.8%)	331 (79.4%)
	Sometimes	377 (18.8%)	106 (18.8%)	75 (17.9%)
	Frequently	158 (7.9%)	36 (6.4%)	11 (2.7%)
CHD	No	1865 (93%)	521 (92.4%)	385 (92.3%)
	Yes	140 (7%)	43 (7.6%)	32 (7.7%)
Stroke	No	1862 (92.9%)	524 (92.9%)	383 (91.8%)
	Yes	143 (7.1%)	40 (7.1%)	34 (8.2%)
Family history of diabetes	No	1783 (88.9%)	502 (89%)	293 (70.3%)
	Yes	222 (11.1%)	62 (11%)	124 (29.7%)
BMI	Normal	1306 (65.1%)	298 (52.8%)	181 (43.4%)
	Underweight	118 (5.9%)	21 (3.7%)	23 (5.5%)
	Overweight	501 (24.9%)	205 (36.3%)	151 (36.2%)
	Obesity	80 (4.1%)	40 (7.2%)	62 (14.9%)
Central obesity	No	1662 (82.9%)	364 (64.5%)	232 (55.6%)
	Yes	343 (17.1%)	200 (35.5%)	185 (44.4%)
Hypertension	No	1537 (76.7%)	258 (45.7%)	129 (30.9%)
	Yes	468 (23.3%)	306 (54.3%)	288 (69.1%)
Dyslipidemia	No	1528 (76.2%)	372 (66%)	262 (62.8%)
	Yes	477 (23.8%)	192 (34%)	155 (37.2%)
Blood lipids	TG	4.76±1.08	5.07±1.03	4.81±1.27
(mmol/L)	TC	1.51±0.84	1.65±0.9	1.88±1.36
	HDL	1.48±0.40	1.43±0.39	1.33±0.31
	LDL	2.64±0.75	2.79±0.81	2.59±0.82
Blood pressure	SBP	122.76±11.95	128.91±14.06	130.11±13.26
(mmHg)	DBP	73.64±6.9	75.56±8.54	75.01±7.49

Note: Categorical variables are expressed as counts (%); continuous variables are displayed as mean±SD.

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; BMI, body mass index; TG, triglyceride; TC, serum total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

Table 2 Comparison of Factors Between the Normal Blood Glucose Group and the Prediabetes or Diabetes Group

Variables	Strata	Prediabetes vs Normal Blood Glucose		Diabetes vs Normal Blood Glucose
		Rao–Scott χ^2	P	Rao–Scott χ^2	P
Sex	Men	1.209	0.277	11.925	0.001
	Women
Age	Young	76.202	<0.001	200.456	<0.001
	Middle
	Old
Education	Primary school and below	16.466	<0.001	55.226	<0.001
	Junior middle school
	Senior middle school
	Undergraduate and above
Marriage	Single	19.617	<0.001	41.788	<0.001
	Married/cohabitation
	Widowed/divorced/separated
Smoking	Never	6.568	0.002	31.479	<0.001
	Now
	Once
Drinking	Never	9.276	<0.001	19.551	<0.001
	Now
	Once
Secondhand smoker	No	1.186	0.281	0.144	0.706
	Yes
Exercise	Never or rare	0.552	0.461	6.126	0.004
	Sometimes
	Frequently
CHD	No	0.198	0.659	0.117	0.734
	Yes
Stroke	No	0.594	0.444	1.325	0.255
	Yes
Family history of diabetes	No	0.000	0.999	78.657	<0.001
	Yes
BMI	Normal	15.157	<0.001	44.110	<0.001
	Underweight
	Overweight
	Obesity
Central obesity	No	112.772	<0.001	125.267	<0.001
	Yes
Hypertension	No	242.692	<0.001	316.873	<0.001
	Yes
Dyslipidemia	No	20.306	<0.001	26.329	<0.001
	Yes

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Multivariable Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Prediabetes and Diabetes

Variables	Strata	Prediabetes vs Normal Blood Glucose		Diabetes vs Normal Blood Glucose
		OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Sex	Men	NA	NA	Ref.
	Women	NA	NA	0.783 (0.573–1.070)	0.122
Age	Young	Ref.		Ref.
	Middle	1.543 (1.021–2.334)	0.040	5.991 (2.992–11.994)	0.000
	Old	2.606 (1.592–4.266)	0.000	14.752 (6.812–31.949)	0.000
Education	Primary school and below	Ref.		Ref.
	Junior middle school	1.421 (0.958–2.107)	0.079	0.806 (0.569–1.141	0.219
	Senior middle school	1.438 (0.935–2.210)	0.096	0.858 (0.577–1.276)	0.443
	Undergraduate and above	1.427 (0.948–2.149)	0.087	0.594 (0.404–0.873)	0.009
Marriage	Single	Ref.		Ref.
	Married/cohabitation	1.088 (0.683–1.731)	0.718	1.235 (0.396–3.852)	0.712
	Widowed/divorced/separated	1.131 (0.665–1.923)	0.643	1.443 (0.496–4.194)	0.494
Smoking	Never	Ref.		Ref.
	Now	0.682 (0.493–0.944)	0.022	1.062 (0.712–1.583)	0.765
	Once	1.081 (0.642–1.819)	0.766	1.842 (1.040–3.262)	0.037
Drinking	Never	Ref.		Ref.
	Now	1.372 (1.073–1.755)	0.013	1.002 (0.748–1.342)	0.988
	Once	0.934 (0.463–1.885)	0.847	0.967 (0.488–1.917)	0.922
Exercise	Never or rare	NA	NA	Ref.
	Sometimes	NA	NA	1.028 (0.706–1.496)	0.884
	Frequently	NA	NA	0.777 (0.310–1.948)	0.584
Family history of diabetes	No	NA	NA	Ref.
	Yes	NA	NA	3.393 (2.466–4.667)	0.000
BMI	Normal	Ref.		Ref.
	Underweight	0.773 (0.408–1.464)	0.422	1.298 (0.774–2.177)	0.316
	Overweight	1.132 (0.881–1.456)	0.326	1.130 (0.860–1.484)	0.373
	Obesity	1.192 (0.717–1.981)	0.491	2.098 (1.205–3.654)	0.010
Central obesity	No	Ref.		Ref.
	Yes	1.734 (1.343–2.240)	0.000	1.724 (1.232–2.413)	0.002
Hypertension	No	Ref.		Ref.
	Yes	2.567 (2.062–3.197)	0.000	2.874 (2.206–3.746)	0.000
Dyslipidemia	No	Ref.		Ref.
	Yes	1.238 (0.976–1.570)	0.078	1.242 (0.920–1.678)	0.154

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; Ref., reference.