Clinical Importance of FNDC-5 and Selectin-E mRNA Expression Among Type 2 Diabetics with and without Obesity

Figures & data

Table 1 Population Descriptive of Study Participants

Variables	T2DM Cases (%)	Controls Subjects (%)
Total no.	200 (100)	200 (100)
Gender
Males	131 (65.5)	125 (62.5)
Females	69 (34.4)	75 (37.5)
Age (Years)
≤ 50	49 (24.5)	45 (22.5)
> 50	151 (75.5)	155 (77.5)
Smoking status (yes/no)	71 (35.5)/129 (64.5)	57 (28.5)/143 (71.5)
Alcoholism (yes/no)	85 (42.5)/115 (57.5)	76 (38)/124 (62)
Hypertension (yes/no)	102 (51)/98 (49)
Increased urination (yes/no)	67 (33.5)/133 (66.5)
Weight loss (yes/no)	50 (25)/150 (75)
Fatigue (yes/no)	65 (32.5)/135 (67.5)
Wound healing (yes/no)	53 (26.5)/147 (73.5)
Blur vision (yes/no)	42 (21)/158 (79)
Loss of appetite (yes/no)	59 (29.5)/141 (70.5)
Obesity (yes/no)	93 (46.5)/107 (53.5)

Table 2 Differences in Biochemical Parameters Among the T2DM Patients and Healthy Controls

Biochemical Parameters	Variables	Mean	SD	p-value
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	T2DM	254.16	43.57	<0.0001
	Controls	90.22	7.10
Post prandial glucose (mg/dl)	T2DM	363.23	68.61	<0.0001
	Controls	135.00	13.01
HbA1c (%)	T2DM	7.34	0.83	<0.0001
	Controls	5.74	0.53
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	T2DM	150.55	14.33	<0.0001
	Controls	106.07	10.39
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	T2DM	102.08	15.04	<0.0001
	Controls	75.85	10.91
HDL (mg/dl)	T2DM	41.37	12.02	<0.0001
	Controls	46.21	8.69
LDL (mg/dl)	T2DM	202.61	38.16	<0.0001
	Controls	106.42	19.92
TG (mg/dl)	T2DM	359.50	105.12	<0.0001
	Controls	140.98	5.52
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	T2DM	256.82	36.21	<0.0001
	Controls	152.63	18.82
VLDL (mg/dl)	T2DM	35.13	4.71	<0.0001
	Controls	25.01	3.04

Table 3 Differences in Biochemical Parameters Among the T2DM with and without Obesity

Biochemical Parameters	T2DM with Obesity	Mean	SD	p-value
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	Yes	279	55.34	<0.0001
	No	245	26.11
Post prandial glucose (mg/dl)	Yes	365	71.41	0.45
	No	361	66.39
HbA1c (%)	Yes	7.71	0.81	<0.0001
	No	7.22	0.67
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	Yes	153	12.82	0.001
	No	145	14.60
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	Yes	103	14.79	0.28
	No	101	15.26
HDL (mg/dl)	Yes	40.03	8.03	081
	No	42.54	14.56
LDL (mg/dl)	Yes	213	45.87	0.02
	No	193	27.03
TG (mg/dl)	Yes	378	107.24	0.02
	No	342	100.79
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	Yes	267	48.04	0.01
	No	247	16.76
VLDL (mg/dl)	Yes	35.27	5.42	0.69
	No	35.00	4.01

Figure 1 mRNA expression (A) FNDC-5 expression in T2DM patients with and without obesity (B) Selectin-E expression in T2DM patients with and without obesity.

Figure 2 Comparison of mRNA expression (A) FNDC-5 among T2DM patients with serum Vitamin D level deficient, insufficient, and sufficient. (B) Selectin-E among T2DM patients with serum Vitamin-D level deficient, insufficient, and sufficient.

Figure 3 Comparison of mRNA expression of (A) FNDC-5 in T2DM patients with normal and deficient Vitamin B12. (B) Selectin-E in T2DM patients with normal and deficient serum Vitamin B12 level.

Figure 4 ROC curve for FNDC5 and Selectin-E among the T2DM patients with obesity vs without obesity.

Table 4 ROC Curve to Presenting the AUC for FNDC-5 and Selectin-E Among the T2DM with Obesity Vs Without Obesity

Gene Name	AUC (95% CI)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Cut-Off (Fold Change)	p value
FNDC-5	0.75 (0.68–0.81)	70%	60%	0.30 fold	<0.0001
Selectin-E	0.54 (0.46–0.62)	61%	46%	1.35 fold	0.28

Table 5 Correlation Analysis of FNDC-5 and Selection-E with Biochemical Parameters

Biochemical Parameters	Correlation Coefficient (r) for FNDC-5	p value	Correlation Coefficient (r) Selectin-E	p value
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	−0.04	0.51	0.01	0.85
Post prandial glucose (mg/dl)	−0.13	0.04	−0.04	0.49
HbA1c (%)	0.01	0.81	0.04	0.51
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−0.01	0.87	−0.007	0.92
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	0.07	0.30	0.09	0.18
HDL (mg/dl)	−0.02	0.77	−0.08	0.21
LDL (mg/dl)	−0.11	0.10	−0.06	0.33
TG (mg/dl)	−0.16	0.02	−0.05	0.46
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	−0.13	0.06	−0.01	0.82
VLDL (mg/dl)	−0.11	0.11	−0.01	0.87