Change in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training – The Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study (BALL ST)

Figures & data

Table 1 Changes in Metabolic Risk Factors and Measures of CRF Following Training. (Mean ± S.D.)

Characteristic	Men (n = 183)		Women (n = 153)		Total (n = 336)
	Baseline	Post-Training	Baseline	Post-Training	Baseline	Post-Training
Age (years)	45.9 ± 10.6		45.7 ± 11.2		45.8 ± 10.9
Body Weight (kg)	86.7 ± 13.7	84.0 ± 12.9*	72.7 ± 16.8^†	70.6 ± 15.3*^,†	80.3 ± 16.7	77.9 ± 15.5*
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.1 ± 4.1	26.2 ± 3.8*	26.7 ± 6.1	25.8 ± 5.5*	26.9 ± 5.1	26.0 ± 4.7*
Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL)	97.3 ± 17.8	98.8 ± 12.4	92.1 ± 11.6^†	93.5 ± 14.1^†	94.9 ± 12.5	96.4 ± 13.5*
Waist Circumference (cm)	96.0 ± 10.5	92.7 ± 9.4*	81.8 ± 13.5^†	79.8 ± 12.6*^,†^,‡	89.5 ± 13.9	86.8 ± 12.7*
Resting sBP (mmHg)	123.0 ± 11.9	118.3 ±11.8*	118.0 ± 13.9^†	114.0 ± 12.5*^,†	120.8 ± 13.1	116.3 ± 12.3*
Resting dBP (mmHg)	80.7 ± 8.6	77.2 ± 9.2*	75.9 ± 10.4^†	73.4 ± 10.2*^,†	78.5 ± 9.7	75.5 ± 9.8*
HDL-C (mg/dL)	45.4 ± 10.6	49.0 ± 12.3*	59.7 ± 14.4^†	59.8 ± 13.7^†,‡	51.9±14.5	53.9 ± 14.0*
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	131.2 ± 70.3	118.2 ± 63.0*	95.2 ± 46.3^†	90.9 ± 37.2^†	114.8 ± 63.1	105.8 ± 54.5*
MS Risk Factors (#)	1.7±1.4	1.4±1.2*	1.1 ± 1.2^†	0.9 ± 1.1*^,†	1.4 ± 1.3	1.2 ± 1.2*
CRF (mL/kg/min)	35.5 ± 7.8	40.5 ± 8.0*	26.7±6.2^†	31.1 ± 7.0*^,†	31.5±8.3	36.2 ± 8.9*
FRIEND (%)	43.3 ± 23.5	61.4 ± 22.1*	49.4± 25.2^†	68.3 ± 21.4*^,†	46.4±24.4	64.5 ± 22.0*
MetS Prevalence (%)	30	17*	15^†	9*^,†^,‡	23	14*
MetS Severity Score	0.145 ± 0.661	−0.070 ± 0.635*	−0.566 ± 0.755^†	−0.623 ± 0.700^†,‡	−0.179 ± 0.789	−0.332 ± 0.719*
Change in MetS Severity Score (%)	−148		−10		−79

Notes: *Denotes a significant difference from baseline (P<0.05), ^†Denotes a significant difference from men at the respective baseline/post-training test (P < 0.05), ^‡Denotes the degree of change from baseline to post-training was significantly different compared to men (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; sBP, systolic blood pressure; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; FRIEND, fitness registry and the importance of exercise national database; MetS, metabolic syndrome.

Table 2 Change in Prevalence of MS Risk Factors Following Exercise Training Using NCEP/ATP III Thresholds – N (%)

MS Risk Factor	Men		Women		Total
	Baseline	Post-Training	Baseline	Post-Training	Baseline	Post-Training
Abdominal Obesity	47 (26)	31 (17)*	42 (27)	31 (20)*	89 (26)	62 (18)*
Impaired Fasting Glucose	71 (39)	79 (43)	29 (19)^†	32 (21)^†	100 (30)	111 (33)
Hypertension	86 (47)	61 (33)*	44 (29)^†	31 (20)*^,†	130 (39)	92 (27)*
Low HDL-C	55 (30)	42 (23)*	40 (26)	40 (26)	95 (28)	82 (24)
Elevated Triglycerides	55 (30)	45 (25)	18 (12)^†	11 (7)^†	73 (22)	56 (17)*

Notes: *Denotes a significant difference from baseline (P < 0.05), ^†Denotes a significant difference from men at the respective baseline/post-training test (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome.

Table 3 Pearson Correlations Between Change in CRF and Change in MetS Risk Factors

	Men	Women	Total
Abdominal Obesity	−0.43*	−0.24*^,†	−0.36*
Impaired Fasting Glucose	−0.04	−0.10	−0.06
Resting Systolic BP	−0.03	0.09	0.02
Resting Diastolic BP	−0.15*	−0.00	−0.09
Low HDL-C	0.17*	0.13	0.17*
Elevated Triglycerides	−0.24*	−0.14	−0.21*
Number of MetS Risk Factors	−0.22*	−0.20*	−0.22*
MetS Severity Score	−0.33*	−0.18*	−0.28*

Notes: *Denotes a significant relationship (P < 0.05), ^†Denotes a significantly different correlation coefficient compared to men (P < 0.05).

Figure 1 Scatter plots of change in CRF and change in MetS risk factors and MetS severity score. *Denotes a significant correlation coefficient.