Socioeconomic and Behavioral Disparities Among Diabetics in Saudi Arabia: A Nation-Wide Descriptive Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Health Indicators Surveillance System (HISS) data model.

Table 1 Comparison of Sociodemographic Characteristics of Saudi Adults with and without Diabetes(n = 14,007)

Variables	Diabetes Status n (%)		Total n (%)	P value Chi Square
	Yes	No
Gender				<0.001
Male	889 (12.7)	6130 (87.3)	7019 (50.1)
Female	744 (10.6)	6244 (89.4)	6988 (49.9)
Age Groups (Year)				<0.001
18–19	13 (1.8)	696 (98.2)	709 (5.1)
20–29	137 (2.9)	4535 (97.1)	4672 (33.4)
30–39	188 (6.7)	2621 (93.3)	2809 (20.1)
40–49	415 (13.2)	2735 (86.8)	3150 (22.5)
50–59	451 (26.0)	1282 (74.0)	1733 (12.4)
60 +	429 (45.9)	505 (54.1)	934 (6.7)
Regions				0.030
Asir	132 (12.2)	948 (87.8)	1080 (7.7)
Baha	116 (10.7)	966 (89.3)	1082 (7.7)
Eastern region	94 (8.7)	988 (91.3)	1082 (7.7)
Hail	126 (11.6)	957 (88.4)	1083 (7.7)
Jazan	133 (12.3)	951 (87.7)	1084 (7.7)
Al Jouf	125 (11.6)	956 (88.4)	1081 (7.7)
Madinah	145 (13.8)	902 (86.2)	1047 (7.5)
Makkah	140 (12.9)	942 (87.1)	1082 (7.7)
Najran	103 (9.8)	944 (90.2)	1047 (7.5)
Northern border	123 (11.3)	961 (88.7)	1084 (7.7)
Qassim	140 (12.9)	944 (87.1)	1084 (7.7)
Riyadh	127 (11.7)	962 (88.3)	1089 (7.8)
Tabuk	129 (11.9)	953 (88.1)	1082 (7.7)
Education				<0.001
Less than bachelor’s degree	1039 (14.8)	6004 (85.2)	7043 (50.3)
Bachelor’s degree or above	594 (8.5)	6370 (91.5)	6964 (49.7)
Monthly Income				<0.001
No stable monthly Income	128 (8.8)	1323 (91.2)	1451 (10.4)
Less than 5000 SAR*	464 (8.3)	5138 (91.7)	5602 (40.0)
5001 to 11,000 SAR*	501 (13.7)	3162 (86.3)	3663 (26.2)
More than 11,000 SAR*	540 (16.4)	2751 (83.6)	3291 (23.4)
Grand Total	1633	12,374	14,007

Notes: Data are presented as number (n) and percentage (%); Chi2 test. P-value ≤0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Abbreviation: *SAR, Saudi Arabian Riyal.

Table 2 Comparison of Behavioral and Intermediate Risk Factors Between Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Groups (n = 14,007)

Variables	Diabetes Status		Total n (%)	P value Chi Square
	Yes	No
Fruit and Vegetable Intake*				<0.001
AFVI	124 (7.6)	507 (4.1)	631 (4.5)
LFVI	1509 (92.4)	11,867 (95.9)	13,376 (95.5)
Physical Activity**				0.014
ALPA	274 (16.8)	2389 (19.3)	2663 (19.0)
LLPA	1359 (83.2)	9985 (80.7)	11,344 (81.0)
Cigarette Smoking				0.047
Never	1304 (79.9)	10,189 (82.3)	11,493 (82.1)
Yes, daily	216 (13.2)	1445 (11.7)	1661 (11.9)
Yes, occasionally	113 (6.9)	740 (6.0)	853 (6.1)
Waterpipe Smoking				0.072
Never	1394 (85.4)	10,813 (87.4)	12,207 (87.1)
Yes, daily	84 (5.1)	546 (4.4)	630 (4.5)
Yes, occasionally	155 (9.5)	1015 (8.2)	1170 (8.4)
E-Cigarette Smoking				0.375
Never	1507 (92.3)	11,294 (91.3)	12,801 (91.4)
Yes, daily	55 (3.4)	456 (3.7)	511 (3.6)
Yes, occasionally	71 (4.3)	624 (5.0)	695 (5.0)
Hypertension				<0.001
Yes	737 (45.1)	985 (8.0)	1722 (12.3)
No	896 (54.9)	11,389 (92.0)	12,285 (87.7)
Hypercholesterolemia				<0.001
Yes	733 (44.9)	940 (7.6)	1673 (11.9)
No	900 (55.1)	11,434 (92.4)	12,334 (88.1)
BMI Category				<0.001
Underweight	22 (1.3)	734 (5.9)	756 (5.4)
Normal	427 (26.1)	5252 (42.4)	5679 (40.5)
Overweight	616 (37.7)	3900 (31.5)	4516 (32.2)
Obese	568 (34.8)	2488 (20.1)	3056 (21.8)
Heart disease				<0.001
Yes	249 (15.2)	347 (2.8)	596 (4.3)
No	1384 (84.8)	12,027 (97.2)	13,411 (95.7)
Stroke				<0.001
Yes	78 (4.8)	91 (0.7)	169 (1.2)
No	1555 (95.2)	12,283 (99.3)	13,838 (98.8)
Cancer				<0.001
Yes	55 (3.4)	126 (1.0)	181 (1.3)
No	1578 (96.6)	12,248 (99.0)	13,826 (98.7)
Chronic Respiratory Disease				<0.001
Yes	162 (9.9)	793 (6.4)	955 (6.8)
No	1471 (90.1)	11,581 (93.6)	13,052 (93.2)
Genetic Diseases				<0.001
Yes	228 (14.0)	479 (3.9)	707 (5.0)
No	1405 (86.0)	11,895 (96.1)	13,300 (95.0)
Risk of Depression				<0.001
Yes	363 (22.2)	2273 (18.4)	2636 (18.8)
No	1270 (77.8)	10,101 (81.6)	11,371 (81.2)

Notes: Data are presented as number (n) and percentage (%); Chi2 test. P-value ≤0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: *AFVI, acceptable level of fruit and vegetable intake; LFVI, low level of fruit and vegetable intake; **ALPA, acceptable level of physical activity; LLPA, low level of physical activity.

Table 3 Variables Associated with Diabetes in Saudi Arabia (n = 14,007)

Variable	Odds Ratio	95% C.I.	P-value
		Lower-Upper
Physical Activity*
LLPA	Ref. category
ALPA	0.863	0.736–1.012	0.071
Education level
≥ bachelor’s degree	Ref. category
< bachelor’s degree	1.288	1.125–1.475	<0.001
Risk of Depression
Not depressed	Ref. category
At Risk of Depression	1.220	1.049–1.420	0.010
BMI Category			<0.001
Underweight	Ref. category
Normal	1.552	0.974–2.472	0.064
Overweight	1.952	1.226–3.106	0.005
Obese	2.073	1.298–3.311	0.002
Region (Eastern Region)			0.044
Eastern Region	Ref. category
Al Jouf	1.375	0.994–1.902	0.055
Northern border	1.649	1.196–2.274	0.002
Tabuk	1.647	1.196–2.268	0.002
Hail	1.543	1.119–2.126	0.008
Madinah	1.681	1.225–2.306	0.001
Qassim	1.563	1.141–2.141	0.005
Makkah	1.352	0.980–1.865	0.066
Riyadh	1.212	0.878-1.673	0.243
Baha	1.371	0.989–1.901	0.058
Asir	1.300	0.941–1.797	0.111
Jazan	1.556	1.129–2.144	0.007
Najran	1.213	0.868–1.694	0.258
Waterpipe Smoking
Never	Ref. category
Yes, daily	1.035	0.786–1.363	0.804
Yes, occasionally	1.354	1.096–1.672	0.005
Cholesterol
Non-hypercholesteremic	Ref. category
Hypercholesterolemia	3.445	2.991–3.968	<0.001
Blood pressure
Non-hypertension	Ref. category
Hypertension	2.628	2.275–3.037	<0.001
Genetic Diseases
Absence of genetic diseases	Ref. category
Existence of genetic diseases	2.475	2.014–3.041	<0.001
Stroke
Absent	Ref. category
Present	1.475	0.998–2.181	0.051
Heart disease
Absent	Ref. category
Present	1.211	0.969–1.513	0.093
Age (continuous)	1.051	1.046–1.056	<0.001
Monthly Income			<0.001
No stable monthly income	Ref. category
< 5000 SAR	0.919	0.726–1.164	0.485
5001–11,000 SAR	1.236	0.975–1.567	0.080
>11,000 SAR	1.269	0.993–1.621	0.057

Abbreviations: *ALPA, acceptable level of physical activity; LLPA, low level of physical activity.