Metabolic Syndrome Components and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Community Population Aged 40 Years and Older in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study participants were grouped according to sex.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Subjects in Non-CKD and CKD Groups

Characteristics	Total	Non-CKD	CKD	P
	N=1969	N=1562	N=407
Male (n)	715(36.3%)	563 (36.0%)	152 (37.3%)	0.626
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.4±3.3	24.1± 3.2	25.3± 3. 7	<0.001
WAIST (cm)	85.4±9.6	84.6± 9.4	88.5± 9.7	<0.001
WHpR	0.89±0.06	0.88± 0.06	0.91± 0.06	<0.001
WHtR	0.54±0.06	0.53± 0.06	0.57± 0.06	<0.001
Age (years)	59.0±10.6	57.1± 9. 8	66.0± 10.7	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	136.5±19.5	133.8± 18.7	147.0± 19.1	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	83.3±10.7	82.6± 10.5	86.0± 10.8	<0.001
Hypertension classification (%)
Normal	52.8%	58.5%	31.0%
1	32.0%	29.3%	42.3%	<0.001
2	12.3%	10.4%	19.7%	<0.001
3	2.8%	1.7%	7.1%	<0.001
SCR (umol/L)	78.3±24.3	74.7± 14.5	92.1± 42.7	<0.001
UA (umol/L)	350.9±89.2	342.0± 84.0	385.1± 99.6	<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	82.0±15.8	85.5± 12.4	68.8± 19.9	<0.001
ACR (mg/g)	11.2 (7.1–0.4)	9.6 (6.5–14.7)	44.7 (30.5–87.3)	<0.001
Glu (mmol/L)	5.4±1.4	5.3± 1.1	5.9± 2.0	<0.001
CRP (mg/L)	1.46 (0.67–2.64)	1.35 (0.60–2.43)	1.89 (1.06–3.53)	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.35 (0.99–1.95)	1.30 (0.96–1.86)	1.59 (1.15–2.34)	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	3.28±0.95	3.26± 0.94	3.36± 0.98	0.335
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.50±0.35	1.52±0.35	1.44± 0.36	<0.001
HOMA (mmol/L. mU/L)	2.13 (1.46–3.32)	2.01 (1.40–3.03)	2.72 (1.73–4.15)	<0.001
Hypertension disease (%)	54.6%	47.8%	81.1%	<0.01
Diabetes (%)	12.8%	9.5%	25.6%	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome (%)	38.5%	32.5%	61.7%	<0.001
HBP (%)	68.3%	62.4%	90.9%	<0.001
Elevated systolic blood pressure (%)	61.0%	55.5%	82.3%	<0.001
Elevated diastolic blood pressure (%)	44.8%	42.1%	55.3%	<0.001
AO (%)	65.5%	62.0%	78.6%	<0.01
HTG (%)	34.0%	31.0%	45.2%	<0.01
HFBP (%)	26.1%	22.2%	41.0%	<0.01
LHDL-C (%)	15.7%	14.0%	22.1%	<0.01
Drugs to control blood pressure (%)	31.3%	25.3%	54.5%	<0.01
Drugs to control blood glucose (%)	11.0%	9.2%	18.2%	<0.01

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; WHpR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SCR, serum creatinine; UA, serum uric acid; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; Glu, blood glucose; CRP, C-reactive protein; TG, serum triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; AO, abdominal obesity; HTG, high triacylglycerols; HFPG, high fasting plasma glucose; LHDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 CKD Risk Factor Correlation Analysis with MS Components

		OR	95% CI	P
MS		3.34	2.66–4.19	<0.01
MS components	AO	2.25	1.74–2.91	<0.01
	HBP	6.02	4.23–8.57	<0.01
	HTG	1.83	1.47–2.29	<0.01
	HFPG	2.44	1.93–3.07	<0.01
	LHDL-C	1.74	1.32–2.29	<0.01

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; MS, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio; HBP, high blood pressure; AO, abdominal obesity; HTG, high triacylglycerols; HFPG, high fasting plasma glucose; LHDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Odds Ratios of Metabolic Syndrome Components for the Prevalence of CKD

Risk Factors	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P
HBP	4.88 (3.40–7.01)	<0.01	3.07 (2.10–4.47)	<0.01	2.58 (1.75–3.82)	<0.01
AO	1.37(1.04–1.81)	0.03	1.29 (0.96–1.72)	0.09	1.25 (0.93–1.68)	0.13
HTG	1.26(0.98–1.61)	0.07	1.30 (1.00–1.69)	0.05	1.30 (1.00–1.69)	0.05
HFPG	1.76 (1.38–2.24)	<0.01	1.54 (1.19–1.98)	<0.01	1.47 (1.10–1.95)	0.01
LHDL-C	1.42 (1.05–1.93)	0.02	1.35 (0.98–1.87)	0.07	1.33 (0.96–1.85)	0.09

Notes: Model 1 unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, and history of taking blood pressure control drugs and blood glucose control drugs.

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBP, blood pressure; AO, abdominal obesity; HTG, high triacylglycerols; HFPG, high fasting plasma glucose; LHDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Odds Ratios for the Prevalence of CKD in Patients with or without Diabetes

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P
Diabetes (+)
HBP	3.69 (1.45–9.42)	0.01	2.85 (1.09–7.47)	0.03	2.42 (0.89–6.56)	0.08
AO	1.39 (0.66–2.91)	0.38	1.64 (0.76–3.55)	0.21	1.68 (0.78–3.65)	0.19
HTG	1.34 (0.78–2.28)	0.29	1.24 (0.71–2.16)	0.46	1.23 (0.70–2.15)	0.48
LHDL-C	1.52 (0.81–2.85)	0.19	1.56 (0.80–3.03)	0.19	1.48 (0.75–2.90)	0.25
Diabetes (-)
HBP	5.16 (3.48–7.65)	<0.01	3.15 (2.08–4.76)	<0.01	2.56 (1.67–3.92)	<0.01
AO	1.36 (1.01–1.84)	0.05	1.23 (0.89–1.68)	0.21	1.17 (0.85–1.61)	0.34
HTG	1.26 (0.95–1.66)	0.11	1.34 (0.99–1.80)	0.06	1.34 (0.99–1.81)	0.05
LHDL-C	1.41 (0.99–2.01)	0.05	1.33 (0.91–1.93)	0.14	1.31 (0.90–1.91)	0.16

Notes: Model 1 unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, and history of medication for blood pressure or glucose control.

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CI, confidence interval; HBP, high blood pressure; AO, abdominal obesity; HTG, high triacylglycerols; LHDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 5 Odds Ratios for the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Patients with or without Hypertension

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P
Hypertensive disease (+)
AO	1.39 (0.99–1.96)	0.06	1.36 (0.95–1.94)	0.09	1.35 (0.94–1.93)	0.10
HFPG	1.66 (1.27–2.18)	<0.01	1.54 (1.16–2.04)	<0.01	1.47 (1.07–2.01)	0.02
HTG	1.26 (0.95–1.67)	0.10	1.30 (0.97–1.74)	0.08	1.32 (0.98–1.77)	0.07
LHDL-C	1.33 (0.94–1.90)	0.11	1.28 (0.88–1.86)	0.19	1.25 (0.86–1.82)	0.25
Hypertensive disease (-)
AO	1.16 (0.70–1.92)	0.56	1.06 (0.62–1.80)	0.84	1.06 (0.62–1.81)	0.83
HFPG	1.86 (1.06–3.27)	0.03	1.28 (0.70–2.33)	0.42	1.35 (0.68–2.67)	0.39
HTG	1.26 (0.72–2.19)	0.42	1.33 (0.74–2.40)	0.35	1.31 (0.72–2.37)	0.37
LHDL-C	1.61 (0.88–2.97)	0.12	1.51 (0.79–2.91)	0.22	1.53 (0.79–2.94)	0.21

Notes: Model 1 unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, and history of taking blood pressure control drugs and blood glucose control drugs.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; AO, abdominal obesity; HTG, high triacylglycerols; HFPG, high fasting plasma glucose; LHDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 6 Odds Ratios for the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Patients with or without Obesity

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P	OR (95%) CI	P
Obesity (+)
HBP	20.43 (2.74–152.33)	<0.01	9.50 (1.23–73.14)	0.03	7.49 (0.96–58.69)	0.06
HFPG	1.60 (0.94–2.74)	0.08	1.48 (0.84–2.61)	0.18	1.43 (0.75–2.74)	0.28
HTG	1.53 (0.89–2.63)	0.13	1.45 (0.81–2.58)	0.21	1.41 (0.79–2.53)	0.25
LHDL-C	1.37 (0.74–2.53)	0.32	1.28 (0.65–2.49)	0.47	1.25 (0.63–2.47)	0.52
Obesity (-)
HBP	4.59 (3.17–6.65)	<0.01	2.87 (1.95–4.23)	<0.01	2.46 (1.65–3.67)	<0.01
HFPG	1.83 (1.39–2.40)	<0.01	1.54 (1.16–2.05)	<0.01	1.47 (1.07–2.03)	0.02
HTG	1.25 (0.94–1.64)	0.12	1.30 (0.97–1.74)	0.08	1.30 (0.97–1.74)	0.08
LHDL-C	1.43 (1.00–2.04)	0.05	1.34 (0.92–1.95)	0.12	1.33 (0.91–1.94)	0.13

Notes: Model 1 unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, and history of taking blood pressure control drugs and blood glucose control drugs.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HBP, blood pressure; HTG, high triacylglycerols; HFPG, high fasting plasma glucose; LHDL-C, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.