The Relationship Between Depression and Multifactorial Control and Microvascular Complications in Vietnamese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Aged 30–60 Years

Figures & data

Table 1 The Demographic and Biomedical Characteristics of the Study Population

Variables, Unit		Men (n=122)	Women (n=109)	All (n=231)
Age, years		51.5 (45.3–57)	53.0 (44.8–57)	52 (45–57)
Duration of diabetes (%)	Newly diagnosed	27 (22.1)	15 (13.8)	42 (18.2)
	< 5 years	84 (68.9)	75 (68.8)	159 (68.8)
	≥ 5 years	11 (9.0)	19 (17.4)	30 (13.0)
Hypertension	Positive	25 (20.5)	27 (24.8)	52 (22.5)
	Negative	97 (79.5)	82 (75.2)	179 (77.5)
BMI, n(%)	< 23 kg/m^2	55 (45.1)	58 (53.2)	113 (48.9)
	≥ 23 kg/m^2	67 (54.9)	51 (46.8)	118 (51.1)
Treatment therapy, n(%)*	Naive	27 (22.1)	15 (13.8)	42 (18.2)
	Lifestyle modification, oral antihyperglycemic agents	79 (64.8)	87 (79.8)	166 (71.9)
	Insulin therapy	16 (13.1)	7 (6.4)	23 (10.0)
Glucose control, n(%)	Poor (≥ 7.0 mmol/L)	92 (75.4)	72 (66.1)	164 (71.0)
	Accept (< 7.0 mmol/L)	30 (24.6)	37 (33.9)	67 (29.0)
	Overall (mmol/L)	8.4 (6.9–11.3)	7.7 (6.7–9.5)	8.2 (6.7–10.7)
HbA1c control, %	Poor (≥ 7.5%)	74 (60.7)	54 (49.5)	128 (55.4)
	Accept (< 7.5%)	48 (39.3)	55 (50.5)	103 (44.6)
	Overall	7.8 (6.9–9.6)	7.3 (6.5–9.1)	7.6 (6.6–9.3)
Triglycerides control, n(%)	Accept (< 1.88 mmol/L)*	42 (34.4)	55 (50.5)	97 (42.0)
	Poor (≥ 1.88 mmol/L)*	80 (65.6)	54 (49.5)	134 (58.0)
	Overall (mmol/L)**	2.5 (1.5–3.3)	1.9 (1.4–2.9)	2.2 (1.4–3.2)
Total cholesterol control, n(%)	Accept (< 5.20 mmol/L)	57 (46.7)	60 (55.0)	117 (50.6)
	Poor (≥ 5.20 mmol/L)	65 (53.3)	49 (45.0)	114 (49.4)
	Overall (mmol/L)	5.35±1.33	5.04±1.11	5.2±0.1
HDL-C control, n(%)	Poor (< 0.90 mmol/L)*	33 (27.0)	15 (13.8)	48 (20.8)
	Accept (≥ 0.90 mmol/L)*	89 (73.0)	94 (86.2)	183 (79.2)
	Overall (mmol/L)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.2±0.03	1.1 (1.0–1.3)
LDL-C control, n(%)	Poor (≥ 3.40 mmol/L)	33 (28.9)	28 (25.7)	61 (27.4)
	Accept (< 3.40 mmol/L)	81 (71.1)	81 (74.3)	162 (72.6)
	Overall (mmol/L)	2.9±0.1	2.8±0.1	2.9±0.1
Lipid disorders, n(%)**	Positive	114 (93.4)	86 (78.9)	200 (86.6)
	Negative	8 (6.6)	23 (21.1)	31 (13.4)
Alanine transferase, U/L*		29.8 (18.3–44.7)	24.3 (17.4–36.3)	27.2 (18–41.4)
Aspartate transferase, U/L*		22.85 (19.2–31.3)	22.1 (17–28.7)	22.7 (18.4–29.5)
Creatinine, μmol/L**		73.3 (65.0–80.8)	53.3 (46.3–59.6)	62.8 (50.5–75)
Microvascular complications	Positive	14 (11.5)	22 (20.2)	36 (15.6)
	Negative	108 (88.5)	87 (79.8)	195 (84.4)

Notes: Data were illustrated into Mean±SD or number (percentage) or Median (Q1–Q3); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001 (between men and women group).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 The Prevalence of Depression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Aged 30–60 Years

Variables, Units		Men (n = 122)	Women (n = 109)	Overall (n = 231)
PHQ-9 scores
	Median (Q1-Q3)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	3.0 (2.0–4.0)	3.0 (2.0–4.0)
	Mean rank	108.67	124.20
	p-value*		p = 0.068; Z = −1.826
Depression
	Positive	15 (12.3)	24 (22.0)	39 (16.9)
	Negative	107 (87.7)	85 (78.0)	192 (83.1)
	p-value**		p = 0.049
			OR = 2.01; 95% CI (0.99–4.08)
Grade depression
	Mild	14 (11.5)	21 (19.3)	35 (15.2)
	Moderate	1 (0.8)	3 (2.8)	4 (1.7)
	Severe	0	0	0
	p-value***		p = 0.122

Notes: *Mann–Whitney U-test; p-value (between men and women). **Chi-square test; p-value (between men and women). ***Fisher’s Exact test; p-value (between men and women).

Abbreviation: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Table 3 Relationship Between Depression and Multifactor and Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Variables, Units		Depression n(%)		p
		Positive	Negative
Gender	Male	15 (38.5)	107 (55.7)	0.054
	Female	24 (61.5)	85 (44.3)
Age (years)	30–40	4 (10.3)	24 (12.5)	0.026
	41–50	5 (12.8)	63 (32.8)
	51–60	30 (76.9)	105 (54.7)
Duration of diabetes	Newly diagnosed	15 (35.7)	27 (64.3)	0.001
	< 5 years	19 (11.9)	140 (88.1)
	≥ 5 years	5 (16.7)	25 (83.3)
Treatment therapy	Naive	15 (35.7)	27 (64.3)	0.002
	Lifestyle modification, oral antihyperglycemic agents	21 (12.7)	145 (87.3)
	Insulin therapy	3 (13.0)	20 (87.0)
BMI control	Accept	22 (56.4)	91 (47.4)	0.380
	Poor	17 (43.6)	101 (52.6)
Hypertension control	Good	10 (26.5)	42 (21.9)	0.674
	None	29 (74.4)	150 (78.1)
Glucose control	Poor	31 (79.5)	133 (69.3)	0.247
	Accept	8 (20.5)	59 (30.7)
HbA1c control	Poor	28 (71.8)	100 (52.1)	OR=2.37 95% CI (1.11–5.02) p=0.033
	Accept	11 (28.2)	92 (47.9)
Cholesterol control	Poor	22 (56.4)	92 (47.9)	0.382
	Accept	17 (43.6)	100 (52.1)
Triglyceride control	Poor	21 (53.8)	113 (58.9)	0.596
	Accept	18 (46.2)	79 (41.1)
HDL-C control	Poor	5 (12.8)	43 (22.4)	0.202
	Accept	34 (87.2)	149 (77.6)
LDL-C control	Poor	13 (33.3)	48 (26.1)	0.429
	Accept	26 (66.7)	136 (73.9)
Lipid disorders control	Positive	36 (92.3)	164 (85.4)	0.312
	Negative	3 (7.7)	28 (14.6)
Microvascular complications	Positive	11 (28.2)	25 (13.0)	OR=2.62 95% CI (1.15–5.93) p=0.027
	Negative	28 (71.8)	167 (87.0)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Multivariate Linear Regression Between PHQ-9 Scores and Age, Gender, Treatment Therapy, HbA1c Control and Microvascular Complications

Determinant	Standardized B	p-value
Age (years)	0.084	0.205
Gender (1 = male; 2 = female)	0.135	0.039
Treatment therapy:
Naive (1 = positive, 0 = negative)	0.258	0.010
Lifestyle modification, oral antihyperglycemic agents (1 = positive, 0 = negative)	0.049	0.620
Insulin therapy (control)	1
HbA1c control (1 = poor, 2 = acceptable)	−0.088	0.173
Microvascular complications (1 = positive, 2 = negative)	−0.151	0.026

Abbreviation: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.