Ramadan and Diabetes: What About Non-Fasting Patients with Diabetes?

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Patients: Demographics, Diabetes History and Risk Stratification

Characteristics		Median (IQR) or N (%)
Age (years)		64 (57.5–71.0)
Gender	Male	94 (60.6)
	Female	61 (39.4)
Duration of diabetes (%)	>10 years	56 (36.1)
	< 10 years	99 (63.9)
Type of diabetes (%)	Type 1	11 (6.5)
	Type 2	144 (93.5)
HTN* (%)		90 (58.1)
Degenerative complications (%)	No complications	42 (27.1)
	Microangiopathies	55 (36.1)
	Macroangiopathies	24 (15.5)
	Combined	33 (21.3)
Risk stratification (IDF) (%)	High risk	14 (8.4)
	Very high risk	141 (91.6)
Insulin therapy (%)	No insulin	34 (21.9)
	Basal	33 (21.9)
	Basal-bolus	49 (31.6)
	Pre-mixed	38 (24.5)
Oral anti-diabetics (%)	No OAD**	76 (49.4)
	Metformin	39 (25.3)
	MTF***+sitagliptin	24 (15.6)
	MTF+empagliflozine	8 (5.2)
	MTF+ gliclazide	4 (2.6)
	MTF+sitagliptin+gliclazide	3 (1.9)

Notes: *Hypertension, **Oral anti-diabetics, ***Metformin.

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics of Patients: Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters, and Caloric Intake of Patients

Characteristics		Median (IQR) or N (%)
Weight (kg)		77 (69–88)
BMI*Before ramadan (kg/m^2)		28 (24.9–31.9)
Waist circumference (cm)		99 (91–105)
HbA1c (%)		8.45 (7.7–10)
FBG** (g/l)		1.8 (1.4–2.09)
TC^#(g/l)		1.7 (1.32–2.01)
LDL^## (g/l)		1.01 (0.74–1.32)
TG^† (g/l)		1.2 (0.95–1.6)
Caloric intake (Kcal)		1641 (1454–1915)
GPAQ score (%)	1	130 (83.9)
	2	18 (11.6)
	3	7 (4.5)

Notes: *Body mass index. **Fasting blood glucose, ^#Total cholesterol, ^##Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ^†Triglycerides.

Table 3 Comparison of Caloric Intake, Physical Activity Level, Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters Before and After Ramadan in All Non-Fasting Patients with Diabetes

Variable	Before Ramadan - Median (IQR) or N (%)	During/ After Ramadan - Median (IQR) or N (%)	p-value
Weight (kg)	77 (69–88)	78 (70–89.8)	< 0.001
BMI* (kg/m2)	28 (24.9–31.9)	28 (24.9–32.6)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	99 (91–105)	98 (92–107)	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	8.45 (7.7–10)	8.55 (7.5–10)	< 0.001
LDL-C** (g/l)	1.1 (0.74–1.32)	1.01 (1.38–2.22)	0.061
TG***(g/l)	1.31 (0.95–1.6)	1.39 (0.95–1.6)	< 0.001
Caloric intake (kcal)	1659.48 (340.631)	1861.78 (497.238)	< 0.001
Number of meals	4 (3–4)	4 (3–4)	0.75
GPAQ score
1	83.9	83.4	0.791
2	11.6	12.6
3	4.5	4

Notes: *Body mass index, **Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ***Triglycerides.

Figure 1 Evolution of anthropometric and metabolic parameters among non-fasting patients during Ramadan.

Table 4 Comparison of Caloric Intake, Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters Before and After Ramadan in Patients’ Insulin Therapy and in Patients in Oral Antidiabetic Drugs

	Patients in Insulin Therapy			Patients in Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents
Variable	Before Ramadan - median (IQR) or N (%)	During/ after Ramadan - median (IQR) or N (%)	p-value	Before Ramadan - median (IQR) or N (%)	During/ after Ramadan - median (IQR) or N (%)	p-value
Weight (kg)	79.30 (68.5–88.0)	80.78 (70.1–90.0)	0.001	78.56 (69.9–87.2)	78.35 (69.7–87.2)	0.72
BMI* (kg/m2)	28.43 (24.0–32.0)	28.65 (24.6–33.0)	0.008	28.76 (26.0–32.0)	28.62 (25.8–31.2)	0.81
Waist circumference (cm)	98.46 (89–106)	99.4 (91.5–108)	0.003	98.74 (91.00–101.5)	98.88 (91.75–106.00)	0.76
HbA1c (%)	9.23 (8.0–10.0)	9.08 (8.0–10.0)	0.67	8.15 (7.0–8.55)	8.03 (7.00–9.00)	0.90
LDL-C** (g/l)	1.04 (1.0–1.0)	1.18 (1.0–1.0)	0.008	0.95 (0.95–1.0)	0.96 (0.88–1.00)	0.90
TG^# (g/l)	1.34 (1.0–2.0)	1.41 (1.0–2.0)	0.57	1.35 (1.0–2.0)	1.34 (1.00–2.00)	0.90
Caloric intake (kcal)	1666.29 (1453.2–1915)	1881.66 (1560.0–2288.0)	<0.0001	1635.3 (1474.7–1801.4)	1791.9 (1452.0–2232.0)	0.004

Notes: *Body mass index, **Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ^#Triglycerides.