Diosgenin Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

Figures & data

Table 1 Effect of Diosgenin on the Body Weight, at the Start and the End of the Experiment

Groups Parameter	Control Group	HFD Group	HFD+DG Group
Body weight at the start of the experiment (g) Mean ± SD	24.75 ± 1.2	25.25 ± 1.47	26.0 ± 0.8
Body weight at the end of the experiment (g) Mean ± SD %Change	26.73 ± 1.0	30.18  ± 0.7* 12.9%^a	28.5  ±  0.8*^# 6.6%^a  -5.6%^b

Notes: Data are represented by mean ± SD (n = 10). Significant difference relative to the control group is indicated as *p < 0.05. Significant difference relative to the the HFD group is indicated as ^#P < 0.05. % Change ^aPercent of change in the different groups compared to the control group. % Change ^bPercent of change in the HFD+DG group compared to the HFD group.

Table 2 Effect of Diosgenin on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-Alpha and IL-6 in Mice

Groups Parameter	Control Group	HFD Group	HFD+DG Group
TNF-a (pg/g tissue) Mean ± SD %Change	5.7 ±0.92	19.53 ± 0.55* 242.6%^a	9.83 ± 0.35*^# 72.46%^a  -71.69%^b
IL-6 (pg/g tissue) Mean ± SD %Change	3.7±0.36	11.83±1.21* 219.7%^a	6.5±1.01*^# 75.7%^a  -45.05%^b

Notes: Data are represented by mean ± SD (n = 10). Significant difference corresponding to the control group is indicated as *p < 0.001. Significant difference corresponding to the HFD group is indicated as ^#P < 0.001. % Change ^aPercent of change in the different groups compared to the control group. % Change ^bPercent of change in the HFD+DG group compared to the HFD group.

Table 3 Effect of Diosgenin on Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Mice

Groups Parameter	Control Group	HFD Group	HFD+DG Group
MDA (ng/g tissue) Mean ± SD %Change	2.13 ±0.25	10.23 ±1.36* 380.28%^a	4.57 ±0.65*^# 114.55%^a  -55.3%^b
TAC (ng/g tissue) Mean ± SD %Change	5.3± 0.72	1.87± 0.25* -64.72%^a	3.77± 1.25*^# 28.87%^a  101.6%^b

Notes: Data are represented by mean ± SD (n = 10). Significant difference corresponding to the control group is indicated as *p < 0.001. Significant difference corresponding to the HFD group is indicated as ^#P < 0.001. % Change ^aPercent of change in the different groups compared to the control group. % Change ^bPercent of change in the HFD+DG group compared to the HFD group.

Figure 1 Effects of DG on HFD-induced histopathological changes in adipose tissues of mice. (A) and (B) Adipose tissue section from the control: (A) adipose tissue showing average uni-vacuolated adult fat cells (black arrow) with average extracellular matrix (red arrow), (B) high-power view showing uni-vacuolated adult fat cells with compressed nucleus at one side (black arrow) with intact cell membrane (red arrow). (C–E) and (F) Adipose tissue sections from the HFD group: (C) adipose tissue showing closely packed variable-sized fat cells (black arrow) with fibrous connective tissue bands (red arrow), (D) high-power view showing closely packed overcrowded small-sized fat cells with multiple vacuoles (black arrow) with centrally located nuclei (red arrow), (E) adipose tissue showing ruptured fat cells (black arrow) with fibrous connective tissue bands (red arrow), (F) another view showing closely packed overcrowded small-sized fat cells (black arrow) with excess connective tissue (red arrow). (G) and (H) Adipose tissue sections from the HFD + DG group: (G) adipose tissue showing average uni-vacuolated adult fat cells (black arrow) with average extracellular matrix (red arrow), (H) high-power view showing univacuolated fat cells with compressed nucleus at one side (black arrow) and intact cell membrane (red arrow).