Relationship Between Thyroid Hormone and Liver Steatosis Analysis Parameter in Obese Participants: A Case-Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Lean, Overweight and Obese Subjects

Characteristic	Lean Subjects (n=24)	Overweight Subjects (n=66)	Obese Subjects (n=49)	P-value
Male/female	10/14	31/35	23/26	0.894
Age (year)	49.1±6.1	45.3±12.3	43.9±11.4	0.180
BMI(kg/m2)	22.1±1.6	26.0±1.0	32.4±4.6	<0.001^b
WC (cm)	81.2±5.3	89.4±5.3	105.7±8.4	<0.001^b
SBP (mmHg)	121.7±15.7	127.9±16.0	135.2±15.7	0.003^b
DBP (mmHg)	76.0±9.9	78.0±11.0	80.9±11.8	0.171
LiSA (dB/m)	228.2±40.9	251.5±68.8	288.5±58.4	<0.001^b
HbA1c(%)	7.0±1.9	6.9±1.7	6.5±1.4	0.429
HOMA-IR	1.9 (1.5, 2.7)	3.5 (2.2, 4.8)	5.6 (4.4, 8.3)	<0.001^b
TG(mmol/L)	1.2(0.8, 1.5)	1.3(0.8, 2.0)	1.6(1.2, 2.5)	0.117
TC(mmol/L)	4.4±1.3	4.8±1.4	5.2±1.3	0.048^a
HDL-C(mmol/L)	1.2±0.2	1.2±0.2	1.2±0.2	0.868
LDL-C(mmol/L)	2.9±1.0	3.2±1.1	3.5±1.0	0.064
T3(nmol/L)	1.5 (1.5, 1.7)	1.5(1.3, 1.8)	1.7 (1.5, 1.8)	0.102
T4(nmol/L)	114.5 (109.3, 131.4)	111.3 (102.8, 125.2)	118.2 (106.5, 130.3)	0.184
TSH(mIU/L)	1.5 (1.1, 1.7)	1.7 (1.2, 2.1)	1.8 (1.3, 2.5)	0.045^a
fT3(pmol/L)	5.6 (5.2, 5.9)	5.6 (5.3, 6.1)	5.9 (5.5, 6.3)	0.039^a
fT4(pmol/L)	11.9 (10.4, 12.7)	11.2 (10.3, 12.9)	11.5 (10.5, 12.3)	0.570

Notes: Data represent mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range 25–75%). ^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LiSA, steatosis analysis; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine.

Table 2 Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Subjects with Different Degrees of LiSA

Group	Group A(n=59)	Group B(n=39)	Group C(n=41)	P-value
	≤ 238dB/m	238dB/m<LiSA≤291 dB	LiSA>291dB/m
Male/female	28/31	17/22	19/22	0.931
Age (year)	45.8±10.7	48.8±11.1	41.8±11.2	0.018^a
BMI(kg/m^2)	25.3±2.8	28.0±3.9	30.5±6.1	<0.001^b
WC(cm)	88.4±8.5	96.1±9.3	100.4±12.8	<0.001^b
SBP (mmHg)	125.0±18.0	130.2±13.9	135.4±14.6	0.008^b
DBP (mmHg)	75.9±11.5	77.7±9.8	83.8±10.6	0.002^b
HbA1c(%)	6.4±1.4	6.7±1.6	7.3±1.7	0.019^a
HOMA-IR	2.4(1.8, 4.0)	4.3 (2.8, 5.4)	6.2(4.3, 8.9)	<0.001^b
TG(mmol/L)	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 (1.4, 3.2)	<0.001^b
TC(mmol/L)	4.4±1.4	4.7±1.1	5.6±1.3	<0.001^b
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.2±0.2	1.3±0.2	1.2±0.2	0.273
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.9±1.0	3.1±0.9	3.8±0.9	<0.001^b
T3(nmol/L)	1.6(1.5, 1.8)	1.6 (1.4, 1.8)	1.6 (1.4, 1.8)	0.719
T4(nmol/L)	115.7 (106.2, 131.6)	114.1(102.8, 130.6)	112.2(104.3, 127.7)	0.761
TSH(mIU/L)	1.5 (1.1, 2.1)	1.7 (1.2, 2.8)	1.7 (1.2, 2.3)	0.159
fT3(pmol/L)	5.5 (5.2, 5.9)	5.6 (5.2, 6.0)	6.1 (5.7, 6.6)	<0.001^b
fT4(pmol/L)	11.8 (10.8, 12.8)	11.6 (10.3, 12.4)	10.9 (9.9, 12.2)	0.208

Notes: Group A (LiSA ≤ 238dB/m), group B (238dB/m < LiSA ≤ 291dB/m), group C (LiSA > 291dB/m). ^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LiSA, steatosis analysis; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine.

Table 3 Spearman Correlation Analysis of Factors Associated with LiSA in Lean, Overweight and Obese Subjects

Variable	Lean Subjects		Overweight and Obese Subjects
	r	P	r	P
Male/female	0.208	0.330	−0.034	0.722
Age (year)	0.347	0.096	−0.052	0.582
BMI(kg/m2)	0.343	0.101	0.367	<0.001^b
WC (cm)	0.316	0.309	0.392	<0.001^b
SBP (mmHg)	0.085	0.705	0.309	0.001^b
DBP (mmHg)	0.269	0.226	0.260	0.009^b
HbA1c(%)	0.491	0.017^a	0.274	0.002^b
HOMA-IR	0.258	0.235	0.495	<0.001^b
TG(mmol/L)	0.002	0.994	0.456	<0.001^b
TC(mmol/L)	0.196	0.359	0.268	0.004^b
HDL-C(mmol/L)	0.178	0.405	−0.096	0.309
LDL-C(mmol/L)	0.201	0.346	0.265	0.004^b
T3(nmol/L)	−0.054	0.803	0.049	0.604
T4(nmol/L)	−0.030	0.891	−0.075	0.425
TSH(mIU/L)	0.306	0.146	0.075	0.427
fT3(pmol/L)	0.166	0.439	0.376	<0.001^b
fT4(pmol/L)	−0.293	0.164	−0.150	0.109

Note: ^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LiSA, steatosis analysis; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine.

Figure 1 (A–J) Scatter plot showing significant Spearman correlation between LiSA and clinical indicators. (K) Histogram of residuals for the linear regression model. (L) Normal probability plot of regression standardized residual for the linear regression model.

Table 4 Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Analyses of Variables Associated with LiSA in Overweight and Obese Subjects

Variables	B	ß	T	P	95% CI
fT3	34.735	0.353	4.441	<0.001	19.236–50.234
WC	1.980	0.312	3.919	<0.001	0.979–2.981
HbA1c	8.881	0.208	2.661	0.009	2.267–15.495

Abbreviations: fT3, free triiodothyronine; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.