Assessment of Type II Diabetes Patients’ Caregivers’ Burnout Level: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Whole Cohort

Baseline Characteristics (N = 501)
Patients’ profile
Mean age (years)	64.4+12.0
Female (%)	68.3
Mean diabetes duration (years)	15.1+10.8
Mean BMI (kg/m^2)	33.2+6.7
Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	133.4+19.4
Mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	72.3+11.0
Mean heart rate (beats per minute)	82.3+12.3
Wheelchair usage (%)	8.8
Caregivers’ stress self-assessment questionnaire
Mean total score (points)	18.4+10.2
Little to no stress (%)	63.9
Mild to moderate stress (%)	33.1
Moderate to severe stress (%)	3.0
Severe stress (%)	0.0
Caregivers’ profile
Mean age (years)	34.9+12.4
Female (%)	38.2
Married (%)	51.9
Single (%)	42.3
Divorced (%)	4.0
High school or less (%)	45.0
Master’s degree or higher (%)	3.7
High income (%)	9.3
Low income (%)	44.8
Offspring (%)	92.6
Partner (%)	6.3
Sibling (%)	0.4
Other (%)	0.7
Patients’ management plan and medications
Diet only (%)	1.0
Metformin (%)	79.2
Sulfonylurea (%)	40.3
DPP-4 inhibitors (%)	37.5
SGLT-2 inhibitors (%)	10.8
Thiazolidinediones (%)	9.0
GLP-1 receptor agonist (%)	5.6
Glargine insulin (%)	52.5
Rapid acting insulin analog prior to meals (%)	37.7
Premixed insulin 50/50 (%)	0.8
Premixed insulin 25/75 (%)	0.6
Premixed insulin 30/70 (%)	7.6
Statin (%)	82.8
Beta-blockers (%)	22.0
ACE inhibitors/ARB blockers (%)	54.3
Calcium channel blockers (%)	23.4
Diuretic (%)	16.8
Aspirin (%)	51.9
Pregabalin (%)	2.6
Patients’ laboratory data
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	9.8+3.9
HbA1c (%)	8.6+2.0
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.3+1.1
LDL (mmol/L)	2.5+0.9
HDL (mmol/L)	1.0+0.2
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.6+0.9
Serum creatinine (mmol/L)	93.3+81.5
Urine microalbuminuria (mg/mmol)	0.4+0.5

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics Based on the Caregiver’s Stress Self-Assessment Questionnaire Score

	Little to No Stress		Mild/Moderate and Moderate/Sever Stress	P value
Patients’ profile
Number of Patients (%)	63.9		36.1	n/a
Mean age (years)	63.7+11.5		65.8+12.8	0.058
Female (%)	68.8		67.4	0.756
Mean diabetes duration (years)	13.9+10.7		17.1+10.8	0.074
Mean BMI (kg/m^2)	32.9+6.8		33.8+6.6	0.147
Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	132.6+20.2		134.9+17.9	0.206
Mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	72.4+11.4		72.2+10.2	0.284
Mean heart rate (beats per minute)	82.0+12.3		82.8+12.2	0.502
Wheelchair usage (%)	6.3		13.3	0.008
Caregivers’ stress self-assessment questionnaire
Mean total score (points)	12.5+5.6		28.9+7.7	<0.001
Caregivers’ profile
Mean age (years)	33.2+11.9		38.1+12.7	<0.001
Female (%)	36.9		40.4	0.464
Married (%)	47.7		59.1	0.035
Single (%)	47.0		34.1
Divorced (%)	4.0		4.0
High school or less (%)	43.1		48.3	0.504
Master’s degree or higher (%)	3.6		3.9
High income (%)	9.0		10.0	0.897
Low income (%)	44.5		45.3
Offspring (%)	94.1		90.0	0.490
Partner (%)	4.8		8.8
Sibling (%)	0.3		0.6
Other (%)	0.7		0.6
Patients’ management plan and medications
Diet only (%)	0.6		1.7	0.264
Metformin (%)	80.9		76.2	0.213
Sulfonylurea (%)	42.2		37.0	0.257
DPP-4 inhibitors (%)	36.6		39.2	0.554
SGLT-2 inhibitors (%)	10.0		12.2	0.455
Thiazolidinediones (%)	10.6		6.1	0.087
GLP-1 receptor agonist (%)	5.3		6.1	0.720
Glargine insulin (%)	51.2		54.7	0.458
Rapid acting insulin analog prior to meals (%)	36.3		40.3	0.365
Premixed insulin 50/50 (%)	0.6		1.1	0.562
Premixed insulin 25/75 (%)	0.6		0.6	0.920
Premixed insulin 30/70 (%)	6.9		8.8	0.425
Statin (%)	83.8		81.2	0.470
Beta-Blockers (%)	20.3		24.9	0.237
ACE inhibitors/ARB blockers (%)	53.8		55.2	0.746
Calcium channel blockers (%)	22.5		24.9	0.548
Diuretic (%)	17.2		16.0	0.737
Aspirin (%)	48.8		57.5	0.061
Pregabalin (%)	2.8		2.2	0.684
Patients’ laboratory data
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	9.7+3.7		10.1+4.2	0.199
HbA1c (%)	8.5+2.0		8.7+2.0	0.490
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.4+1.1		4.2+1.0	0.115
LDL (mmol/L)	2.6+0.9		2.4+0.8	0.072
HDL (mmol/L)	1.1+0.3		1.0+0.2	0.037
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.6+0.9		1.6+0.8	0.949
Serum creatinine (mmol/L)	89.6+71.6		99.7+96.5	0.191
Urine microalbuminuria (mg/mmol)	0.4+0.5		0.4+0.5	0.688

Figure 1 Mean patient’s HbA1c level according to the degree of the caregiver’s stress

Figure 2 Mean age of the caregivers and the degree of the caregivers’ stress.