A Retrospective Analysis of the Relationship Between 25-OH-Vitamin D and Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the Two Groups

Item	Non-DFU Group (n = 187)	DFU Group (n = 242)	t/x^2/Z	p-value
Age (years)	60 (53,67)	64 (56,69.3)	7.328	0.007
DM duration (years)	12 (6,18)	18 (10,23)	27.192	0.000
Male (%)	108 (57.8)	168 (69.4)	6.258	0.012
Smoking history (%)	69 (36.9)	104 (43)	1.619	0.203
Drinking history (%)	71 (38)	84 (34.7)	0.485	0.486
Hypertension history(%)	109 (58.3)	156 (64.5)	1.703	0.192
Coronary heart disease history (%)	43 (23)	61 (25.2)	0.281	0.596
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.9 (23.3,27.1)	24.5 (22.5,27)	2.848	0.091
SBP (mmHg)	130 (118,142)	1334 (119,146)	3.306	0.069
DBP (mmHg)	80.0±10.84	77.76±10.33	0.005	0.030
HbA1c (%)	8.5 (7.2,10.1)	8.3 (7.4,10.3)	0.476	0.490
FPG (mmol /L)	8 (6.5,10.1)	8.15 (6.5,10.4)	0.293	0.588
BUN (mmol /L)	6.1 (5.2,7.3)	6.5 (5.1,8.32)	3.190	0.074
Scr (mol /L)	65 (52,79)	70.5 (55,91)	8.179	0.004
SUA (mol /L)	324.78±89.31	315.89±5.74	0.238	0.626
TC (mmol /L)	4.26 (3.44,4.96)	3.75 (2.96,4.42)	25.752	0.000
TG (mmol /L)	1.65 (1.16,2.20)	1.33 (1.01,1.84)	13.979	0.000
HDL-C (mmol /L)	1.08 (0.94,1.28)	0.93 (0.78,1.07)	52.365	0.000
LDL-C (mmol /L)	2.35 (1.77,2.99)	2.05 (1.54,2.76)	9.666	0.001
ALT (U/L)	16 (12,26)	13 (9,18)	21.231	0.000
AST (U/L)	17 (14,23)	15 (12.75,19)	15.842	0.000
ALB (g/L)	42.8 (40.6,25.0)	39.2 (35.08,41.93)	89.351	0.000
WBC (×10^9/L)	6.03 (5,7.07)	6.99 (5.5,9)	27.917	0.000
Hb (g /L)	126 (137,145)	116 (102,130)	98.098	0.000
HCT (L/L)	0.407 (0.375,0.434)	0.353 (0.31,0.39)	94.067	0.000
25-OH-vitamin D (nmol/L)	35.64 (25.35,52.03)	26.89 (19.82,37.93)	20.175	0.000

Notes: Data presented as ±s or Median (The Upper and Lower Quartiles) or Case (Composition Ratio).

Abbreviations: The two groups, DFU group and non-DFU group; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; SUA, serum uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; WBC, white blood cell count; Hb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit.

Table 2 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for the Risk of DFU

Variable	Β	SE	Waldχ2	p	OR	95% CI
25-OH-vitamin D	−0.016	0.008	4.428	0.035	0.984	0.970–0.999
WBC	0.323	0.085	14.299	0.000	1.381	1.168–1.632
ALB	−0.097	0.042	5.343	0.021	0.907	0.836–0.985
DM duration	0.051	0.018	7.930	0.005	1.052	1.016–1.090
TG	−0.777	0.259	8.998	0.003	0.460	0.277–0.764
HDL-C	−3.159	0.788	16.072	0.000	0.042	0.009–0.199

Abbreviations: DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; WBC, white blood cell count; ALB, albumin; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Comparison of 25-OH-Vitamin D Nutrition Status Between Non-DFU Group and DFU Group

Group	n	25-OH-Vitamin D (nmol/L)			p-value
		< 50	50–75	> 75
Non-DFU group	187	139 (74.33)	41 (21.93)	7 (3.74)	0.002
DFU group	242	210 (86.78)	24 (9.91)	8 (3.31)

Notes: Data presented as Median (The Upper and Lower Quartiles) or Case (Composition Ratio).

Abbreviations: DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; IQR, interquartile range.

Figure 1 Bar Graphs Show the Serum 25-OH-vitamin D Levels Among Patients with DFU with Different Wagner Grades.

Notes: Post-hoc multiple comparisons revealed that 25-OH-vitamin D levels of Wager Grades 1 and 2 were significantly higher than Wager Grade 4. Plots are drawn from the median and 95% CI (*P<0.05, **P<0.01).

Table 4 The Correlation Between 25-OH-Vitamin D and Clinical Parameters in DM Patients

	r-value	p-value
Gender (male)	0.082	0.088
Age	−0.056	0.251
DM duration	0.086	0.080
Smoking history	−0.007	0.886
Drinking history	0.050	0.305
Hypertension history	−0.098	0.043
BMI	0.002	0.959
HbA1c	−0.146	0.003
FPG	−0.064	0.185
BUN	0.017	0.733
SCr	0.090	0.063
SUA	0.044	0.368
TC	−0.115	0.018
TG	−0.079	0.104
HDL-C	0.040	0. 409
LDL-C	−0.072	0.139
ALT	0.210	0.000
AST	0.055	0.254
ALB	0.216	0.000
WBC	−0.140	0.004
Hb	0.171	0.000
HCT	0.171	0.000
Coronary heart disease history	−0.067	0.298
Diabetic foot ulcer	−0.217	0.000

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; SUA, serum uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; WBC, white blood cell count; Hb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit.