Predictive Value of Plasma Atherogenic Index for Microalbuminuria in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Figure 1 The flow chart of participants recruitment.

Table 1 The General Data of Group A and Group B Patients

Variable	A Group (n = 105)	B Group (n = 230)	Statistic	P value
Age (years)	43.13±11.34	44.13±12.39	−1.407^a	0.160
Course (days)	30.00(10.50,75.00)	30.00(14.00,60.00)	−0.101^c	0.919
Smoking	38(36.2)	61(26.5)	3.237^b	0.072
Drinking	31(29.5)	54(23.5)	1.391^b	0.238
SBP (mmHg)	125.57±11.71	125.34±11.69	0.169^a	0.866
DBP (mmHg)	82.94±9.22	82.43±8.79	0.492^a	0.623
BMI (kg/m2)	27.92±3.65	26.17±3.27	4.381^a	<0.001
WHR (%)	0.97±0.59	0.95±0.06	3.25^a	<0.001
TC (mmol/l)	5.26±1.15	4.98±1.06	2.169^a	0.031
TG (mmol/l)	2.88(1.95,4.28)	1.67(1.11,2.29)	−7.609^c	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	3.38±1.08	3.21±0.92	1.503^a	0.134
HDL-C (mmol/l)	0.95±0.18	1.04±0.25	−3.867^a	<0.001
SUA (µmol/L)	342.54±94.94	309.02±81.35	3.132^a	0.002
SCr (µmol/L)	66.58±13.41	65.60±13.76	0.607^a	0.545
GFR (mL/min)	110.42±11.45	109.63±15.50	0.469^a	0.639
MAU (mg/24h)	77.91±53.67	14.30±6.26	17.74^a	<0.001
FBG (mmol/l)	9.53±1.86	8.37±1.73	5.57^a	<0.001
FINS (µU/mL)	7.91(4.31,12.25)	6.42(4.14,10.20)	−1.955^c	0.051
HOMA-IR	3.30(1.80,5.49)	2.23(1.38,3.94)	−3.284^c	0.001
HbA1c (%)	9.52±1.64	9.31±1.75	1.039^a	0.300
AIP	0.49(0.30,0.69)	0.21(0.03,0.37)	−7.987^c	<0.001

Notes: ^at test; ^bchi-square test; ^cMann–Whitney U-test; data were expressed as number (%).

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SUA, serum uric acid; SCr, serum creatinine; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MAU, microalbuminuria; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HOMA-IR, HOMA insulin-resistance; HbA1c, hemoglobin Alc; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analysis of T2DM Patients with Microalbuminuria

Factor	OR	95% CI	P value
BMI (kg/m^2)	1.049	0.954~1.154	0.320
WHR (%)	1.081	1.028~1.136	0.002
TC (mmol/l)	1.046	0.700~1.563	0.828
TG (mmol/l)	10.316	3.622~29.382	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	1.227	0.802~1.877	0.345
HDL-C (mmol/l)	0.006	0.000~0.101	<0.001
SUA (µmol/L)	1.000	0.997~1.004	0.813
FBG (mmol/l)	1.283	1.067~1.543	0.008
HOMA-IR	1.076	0.956~1.210	0.224
HbA1c	0.757	0.619~0.925	0.006
AIP	0.001	0.000~0.081	0.003

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SUA, serum uric acid; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, HOMA insulin-resistance; HbA1c, hemoglobin Alc; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma.

Table 3 ROC Curve Analysis of WHR, TG, HDL-C, FBG, HbA1c, AIP in Predicting Disease in All T2DM Patients

Factor	AUC	95% CI	P value	Cut-Off	Sensitivity	Specificity	Youden Index
WHR	0.629	0.564~0.695	<0.001	0.989	0.400	0.817	0.217
TG	0.759	0.699~0.820	<0.001	2.335	0.686	0.774	0.460
HDL-C	0.594	0.530~0.659	0.006	1.215	0.924	0.226	0.159
FBG	0.674	0.613~0.735	0.186	9.060	0.610	0.678	0.288
HbA1c	0.545	0.479~0.611	<0.001	9.050	0.629	0.552	0.181
AIP	0.772	0.713~0.831	<0.001	0.415	0.648	0.826	0.474
Joint model	0.841	0.794~0.888	<0.001	0.318	0.752	0.791	0.544

Abbreviations: ROC, receiver operating characteristics; AUC, area under the ROC curve; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin Alc; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma.

Figure 2 The ROC curve of WHI, TG, HDL-C, FBG, HbA1c, AIP in T2DM patients.

Figure 3 The ROC curve of joint prediction model in T2DM patients.