Changes in the Expression of Insulin Pathway, Neutrophil Elastase and Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Genes from Leukocytes of Young Individuals with Insulin Resistance

Figures & data

Table 1 Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters by Study Group

Variables	NIR (n = 15)	IR (n = 15)	OB-IR (n = 15)	p value	p value
Age (years)^c	18(18–20)	19(18–21)	21(19–22)	0.02	0.06*
					0.004**
					0.14***
Sex n (%)^a				0.61
Women	12(80)	10(67)	9(60)
Men	3(20)	5(33)	6(40)
Height (cm)^c	156(150–162)	156(152–169)	162(154–167)	0.22
Weight (kg)^c	48.1(46–59.5)	50.9(46–58.3)	82.6(79.2–87.2)	0.0001	0.39*
					<0.001**
					<0.001***
BMI (kg/m^2)^c	20.3(19.4–22.5)	20.9(19.4–23.1)	31.3(30.7–32.7)	0.0001	0.30*
					<0.001**
					<0.001***
Fat mass (%)^b	24.6 ± 5.9	23.8 ± 6.1	34.4 ± 5.1	<0.001	0.92*
					<0.001**
					<0.001***
Fat mass (kg)^c	11.2(9–18.9)	12(11.1–16.9)	29.7(25.9–33.3)	0.0001	0.28*
					<0.001**
					<0.001***
Waist (cm)^c	72(65–77)	70(64–80.7)	93(87.5–105)	0.0001	0.28*
					<0.001**
					0.0001***
Hip (cm)^c	90.5(85–94)	89(88–84)	110(105.5–113)	0.0001	0.47*
					<0.001**
					<0.001***
WHR^c	0.77(0.75–0.79)	0.78(0.74–0.87)	0.85(0.78–0.93)	0.048	0.23*
					0.008**
					0.045***
SBP (mmHg)^c	101(91–104)	107(101–114)	111(108–116)	0.003	0.02*
					0.0004**
					0.11***
DBP (mmHg)^b	61 ± 9.0	66.4 ± 10.2	71.6 ± 7.7	0.01	0.25*
					0.007**
					0.27***
Glucose (mg/dL)^b	74 ± 7.3	80.2 ± 9.3	82 ± 12.1	0.07
Insulin (µU/mL)^c	10.9(8.36–13.2)	23.5(20.1–27.5)	39.2(30.5–46.9)	0.0001	0.0001*
					<0.001**
					0.02***
HOMA-IR^c	2.02(1.28–2.52)	4.74(3.82–5.41)	7.93(5.79–8.34)	0.0001	0.0001*
					<0.001**
					0.02***
Cholesterol (mg/dL)^c	166(149–181)	167(135–172)	188(163–211)	0.04	0.32*
					0.03**
					0.008***
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^c	70(58–90)	79(64–100)	124(100–141)	0.01	0.24*
					0.002**
					0.01***
LDL-C (mg/dL)^b	101.8 ± 22.4	104.2 ± 25.8	101.8 ± 38.4	0.97
HDL-C (mg/dL)^b	39.5 ± 3.7	39.1 ± 3.6	37.4 ± 3.4	0.23

Notes: ^aData presented as n and percentage (%); Fisher´s exact test. ^bData presented as mean ± SD; ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons test. ^cData presented as median and 25th and 75th percentile; Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Kruskal–Wallis with multiple comparisons (post hoc) showing differences between: *NIR vs IR, **NIR vs OB-IR, ***IR vs OB-IR. p values <0.05 were considered significant. Bold numbers highlight statistical significance.

Abbreviations: WHR, waist to hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 1 Relative expression of genes of the insulin signaling pathway, NE and A1AT. Relative mRNA expression of INSR (A), IRS-1 (B), IRS-2 (C), NE (D), A1AT (E), GLUT-1 (F) and GLUT-3 (G) genes. The analysis was performed using the 2^−ΔCt method and β-actin as reference gene. The p value was calculated using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests.

Table 2 Correlations Between the Expression of Insulin Signaling Pathway, NE and A1AT Genes

Variables	NE		A1AT		IRS-1		IRS-2		GLUT-1		GLUT-3
	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p
Total
INSR	0.06	0.69	0.31	0.04	0.07	0.64	0.75	<0.001	0.75	<0.001	0.66	<0.001
IRS-1	0.43	0.003	0.18	0.25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
IRS-2	0.11	0.48	0.31	0.04	0.09	0.56	-	-	-	-	-	-
NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
A1AT	0.15	0.31	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
GLUT-1	0.13	0.40	0.36	0.02	0.18	0.24	0.64	<0.001	-	-	-	-
GLUT3	0.09	0.54	0.37	0.01	0.06	0.69	0.68	<0.001	0.64	<0.001	-	-
NIR
INSR	−0.33	0.23	−0.02	0.95	0.10	0.71	0.91	<0.001	0.84	0.0001	0.61	0.01
IRS-1	0.30	0.28	0.80	0.0003	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
IRS-2	−0.29	0.29	−0.004	0.99	0.14	0.63	-	-	-	-	-	-
NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
A1AT	0.48	0.07	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
GLUT-1	−0.33	0.23	0.06	0.83	0.21	0.44	0.91	<0.001	-	-	-	-
GLUT3	−0.07	0.81	0.07	0.81	0.13	0.66	0.60	0.02	0.58	0.02	-	-
IR
INSR	0.26	0.37	0.02	0.96	0.12	0.68	0.31	0.29	0.49	0.08	0.69	0.007
IRS-1	0.72	0.003	0.05	0.86	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
IRS-2	0.32	0.25	0.17	0.54	0.14	0.63	-	-	-	-	-	-
NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
A1AT	0.40	0.14	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
GLUT-1	0.49	0.06	0.19	0.49	0.21	0.44	0.91	<0.001	-	-	-	-
GLUT3	0.29	0.29	0.17	0.55	0.13	0.66	0.60	0.02	0.58	0.02	-	-
OB-IR
INSR	0.62	0.01	0.74	0.002	0.58	0.02	0.75	0.001	0.71	0.003	0.81	0.0003
IRS-1	0.31	0.25	0.40	0.14	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
IRS-2	0.74	0.002	0.76	0.001	0.25	0.36	-	-	-	-	-	-
NE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
A1AT	0.80	0.0003	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
GLUT-1	0.65	0.009	0.82	0.0002	0.45	0.10	0.70	0.004	-	-	-	-
GLUT3	0.58	0.02	0.76	0.001	0.54	0.04	0.86	<0.001	0.71	0.003	-	-

Notes: Spearman´s correlation coefficient (r). p values <0.05 were considered significant. Bold numbers highlight statistical significance.

Table 3 Correlation Between NE and A1AT Gene Expression Among Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters

Variables	NE		A1AT
	r	p	r	p
Age	0.19	0.20	−0.03	0.83
Weight	0.17	0.26	−0.52	0.0003
Height	0.02	0.88	−0.07	0.63
BMI	0.30	0.048	−0.51	0.0003
Fat mass (%)	0.05	0.74	−0.52	0.0003
Fat mass (kg)	0.21	0.16	−0.51	0.0003
Waist	0.25	0.10	−0.41	0.005
Hip	0.18	0.23	−0.53	0.0002
WHR	0.36	0.02	−0.08	0.63
SBP	0.22	0.14	−0.30	0.047
DBP	0.17	0.26	−0.24	0.11
Glucose	0.20	0.20	−0.05	0.76
Insulin	0.28	0.07	−0.41	0.005
HOMA-IR	0.29	0.06	−0.42	0.004
Triglycerides	0.19	0.20	−0.33	0.03
Cholesterol	0.09	0.54	−0.18	0.23
LDL-C	0.07	0.64	0.07	0.63
HDL-C	−0.21	0.16	0.14	0.36

Notes: Spearman´s correlation coefficient (r). p values <0.05 were considered significant. Bold numbers highlight statistical significance.

Abbreviations: WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.