Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and the Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid and Hypertension in New Onset Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Indian Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants by Gender. P-values are Obtained from Independent Sample t-test in Comparison Between the Gender Groups

Characteristics	Total (n = 305)			Male (n = 212)				Female (n = 93)			P-value
	Mean±SEm	Min	Max	Mean±SEm	Min		Max	Mean±SEm	Min	Max
AGE	46.76±0.61	21	76	46.72±0.76	21.00		76.00	46.86±1.01	29.00	70.00	0.914
BMI	26.33±0.25	16.3	50.6	25.99±0.27	16.30		42.70	27.10±0.53	16.30	50.60	0.041
A1c	9.85±0.15	4.8	17.8	10.02±0.18	4.80		17.80	9.46±0.27	5.30	15.60	0.091
VIT D	19.26±0.59	4.2	76.6	19.73±0.68	4.85		75.00	18.20±1.17	4.20	76.60	0.233
TG	197.85±6.55	51	800	205.71±8.29	51.00		800.00	179.95±10.05	57.00	671.00	0.070
HDL	41.32±0.56	15	71	39.87±0.63	15.00		71.00	44.62±1.06	28.00	69.00	0.000
WC	97.11±0.54	71.5	130	97.28±0.66	71.50		126.00	96.70±0.97	78.00	130.00	0.621
SBP	130.60±1.06	85	190	130.50±1.25	85.00		190.00	130.83±1.98	90.00	180.00	0.885
DBP	84.11±0.63	60	140	84.63±0.75	60.00		140.00	82.92±1.15	60.00	110.00	0.213
Uric Acid	5.14±0.073	2.1	8.5	5.39±0.09	2.10		8.50	4.58±0.12	2.35	8.12	0.000
GFR	109.11±0.81	60.5	143	108.86±1.03	60.50		143.00	109.70±1.24	91.00	297.00	0.602
TC	184.02±2.44	89	345	182.72±3.02	89.00		345.00	186.98±4.07	31.00	205.00	0.421
LDL	109.99±2.12	31	237	107.94±2.55	33.00		237.00	114.67±3.80	29.00	70.00	0.145
Hyperuricemia	37 (12.13%)	-	-	25 (11.79%)	-		-	12 (12.90%)	-	-	-

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants According to UA Tertile. Values are Presented as Mean ± SE. P-values are Obtained from One-Way ANOVA

Characteristics	Ter1 (<4.52)	Ter1 (4.52–5.64)	Ter1 (>5.64)	P-values for Trend
N	102	102	101	-
Sex, M/F	54/48	74/28	84/17	-
AGE	46.30±1.06	46.16±0.97	47.83±1.15	0.405
BMI	24.86±0.48	26.54±0.40	27.59±0.39	0.000
A1c	10.70±0.27	10.05±0.26	8.79±0.23	0.000
VIT D	17.91±1.02	19.54±0.94	20.36±1.10	0.063
TG	186.12±10.14	194.06±10.36	213.53±13.25	0.059
HDL	43.39±1.07	39.32±0.91	41.25±0.86	0.015
WC	94.14±1.00	97.19±0.90	99.99±0.84	0.000
SBP	126.89±1.82	132.13±1.89	132.79±1.75	0.014
DBP	80.67±1.00	85.84±1.31	85.84±1.07	0.001
Uric Acid	3.76±0.06	5.09±0.03	6.60±0.07	0.000
GRF	111.75±1.40	110.39±1.24	105.16±1.49	0.003
TC	183.26±4.26	182.11±4.02	186.70±4.40	0.318
LDL	111.26±4.10	110.45±3.49	108.24±3.42	0.744

Table 3 Prevalence of Hypertension. Blood Pressure (mmHg) Was Categorized as Normal (SBP < 140; DBP < 90) and Hypertensive (SBP ≥ 140; DBP ≥ 90)

Prevalence	Ter1 (<4.52)	Ter2 (4.52–5.64)	Ter3 (>5.64)	Total
Male	21 (38.89%)	32 (43.24%)	41 (48.81%)	94 (44.34%)
Female	16 (33.33%)	16 (57.14%)	10 (58.82%)	42 (45.16%)
Sub-Total	37 (36.27%)	48 (47.06%)	51 (50.50%)	136 (44.59%)

Table 4 Association of UA Quartiles with Hypertension. The Logistic Regressions Were Applied to Evaluate the Association Between SUA Quartiles and BP-Class

	OR (95% CI)			P-values
	Tertile1	Tertile2	Tertile3
Model 1	1.000	1.092 (1.000–1.294)	1.153 (1.048–1.436)	<0.01
Model 2	1.000	0.980 (0.893–1.077)	1.040 (1.001–1.336)	<0.01
Model 3	1.000	1.114 (0.994–1.248)	1.287 (1.057–1.592)	<0.01

Notes: Model 1: Age and GFR were selected. Model 2: Age, GFR and Sex were adjusted. Model 3: Age, GFR, SEX and BMI.

Abbreviations: UA, uric acid; SAU, serum uric acid; BP, blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; BMI, body mass index.

Figure 1 Association of SUA levels with (A) SBP and (B) DBP. The scale in the Y-axis is not similar between the figures.

Figure 2 Box plot showing level of SUA in normal and hypertensive population by gender.