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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Novel Insight into the Relationship Between Muscle-Fat and Bone in Type 2 Diabetes Ranging from Normal Weight to Obesity

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 1473-1484 | Published online: 10 May 2022

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the T2DM Adults Ranging from Normal Weight to Obesity Grouped by the Median of SMM/BFM in Men

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of the T2DM Adults Ranging from Normal Weight to Obesity Grouped by the Median of SMM/BFM in Women

Figure 1 BMD calculated with Z score or T score is enhanced in the high SMM/BFM group in men. Low or high group are divided by the median of SMM/BFM, which is 1.7 in men. Low group: SMM/BFM ≤ 1.7; high group: SMM/BFM > 1.7. (AC) BMD calculated with Z score in normal weight (A), overweight (B) and obese I (C); (DF) BMD calculated with T score in normal weight (D), overweight (E) and obese I (F). ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: SMM/BFM, skeletal muscle mass/body fat mass; BMD, bone mineral density; NS, not significant.
Figure 1 BMD calculated with Z score or T score is enhanced in the high SMM/BFM group in men. Low or high group are divided by the median of SMM/BFM, which is 1.7 in men. Low group: SMM/BFM ≤ 1.7; high group: SMM/BFM > 1.7. (A–C) BMD calculated with Z score in normal weight (A), overweight (B) and obese I (C); (D–F) BMD calculated with T score in normal weight (D), overweight (E) and obese I (F). ***P < 0.001.

Figure 2 BMD calculated with Z score or T score is enhanced in the high SMM/BFM group in women. Low or high group are divided by the median of SMM/BFM, which is 1.0 in women. Low group: SMM/BFM ≤ 1.0; high group: SMM/BFM > 1.0. (AC) BMD calculated with Z score in normal weight (A), overweight (B) and obese I (C); (DF) BMD calculated with T score in normal weight (D), overweight (E) and obese I (F). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: SMM/BFM, skeletal muscle mass/body fat mass; BMD, bone mineral density; NS, not significant.
Figure 2 BMD calculated with Z score or T score is enhanced in the high SMM/BFM group in women. Low or high group are divided by the median of SMM/BFM, which is 1.0 in women. Low group: SMM/BFM ≤ 1.0; high group: SMM/BFM > 1.0. (A–C) BMD calculated with Z score in normal weight (A), overweight (B) and obese I (C); (D–F) BMD calculated with T score in normal weight (D), overweight (E) and obese I (F). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Table 3 Different Generalized Additive Analysis Models Between Body Composition and Adjusted Z-Score

Figure 3 Generalized additive relations of different body compositions with aZscore. aZscore and its generalized additive models with FFM (A), SMM (B), SMM/BFM (C), BFM (D), BFM of non-trunk (E) and BFM of Trunk (F). aZscore: Z score adjusted with age, gender, BMI, and HbA1c. Areas marked by blue: confidence intervals.

Abbreviations: FFM, fat-free mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; BFM, body fat mass; SMM/BFM, skeletal muscle mass/body fat mass; BFM of non-trunk, body fat mass of non-trunk; BFM of trunk, body fat mass of trunk.
Figure 3 Generalized additive relations of different body compositions with aZscore. aZscore and its generalized additive models with FFM (A), SMM (B), SMM/BFM (C), BFM (D), BFM of non-trunk (E) and BFM of Trunk (F). aZscore: Z score adjusted with age, gender, BMI, and HbA1c. Areas marked by blue: confidence intervals.