Evaluation of Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Among Saudi Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Longer Duration of Diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic, Biochemical, and Clinical Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Parameters
n	430
Age, years (mean ± SD)	55.88 ± 6.683
Sex, (n) % M/F	(198/232) 46/54
Diabetes duration, years (mean ± SD)	17.33 ± 4.48
FBS, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	191.96(138.05–237.34)
FBS, mg/dL (> 130) (n)% yes	(331)78.6
HbA1c, % (mean ± SD)	10.08 ± 1.82
HbA1c, % (≥ 7) (n)% yes	(410) 96.0
Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	174.76(147.45–204.27)
LDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	118.35(91.31–153.84)
HDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	43.24(36.89–50.19)
Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	155.29(111.47–217.57)
BMI, kg/m^2
Underweight, (n)%	(1)0.2
Normal body weight, (n)%	(37)8.6
Pre-obesity, (n)%	(132)30.8
Obesity, (n)%	(258)60.3
Hypertension, (n) % yes	(161)37.4
Smoking, (n) % yes	(19)4.5
Diabetic neuropathy, (n) % yes	(173)40.2
Neuropathy subtypes
Mononeuropathy, (n)%	(43) 24.9
Polyneuropathy, (n)%	(118) 68.2
Undefined neuropathy, (n)%	(12) 6.9

Note: Data are presented as percentage and mean ± standard deviation, Median, IQR.

Abbreviations: FBS, fasting blood sugar; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of Risk Factors on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without Neuropathy

Risk Factors	Non-Neuropathy	Neuropathy	p values*
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Number (n)	257	173
Age	56.12±7.2	55.50±5.9	0.365
Diabetes duration	17.44±4.6	17.17±4.2	0.540
BMI	31.50±5.3	33.09±6.4	0.006
FBS	188.96±75.1	218.31±90.7	<0.001
HbA1C	9.79±1.8	10.50±1.8	<0.001
Cholesterol	172.93±39.7	187.80±49.9	0.001
Triglyceride	161.79±74.3	194.54±92.3	<0.001
HDL	44.01±11.4	44.89±10.8	0.424
LDL	119.32±43.9	135.47±48.1	<0.001

Note: *independent samples t-test significant at p≤0.05 shown in bold.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Correlation of Diabetic Neuropathy with Risk Factors of Diabetes

	Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
	Correlation Coefficient (r)	p values*
Age	−0.044	0.365
Gender	0.139	0.004
DM duration	−0.030	0.540
BMI	0.133	0.006
FBS	0.174	<0.001
HbA1C	0.190	<0.001
Cholesterol	0.164	0.001
Triglyceride	0.193	<0.001
HDL	0.039	0.424
LDL	0.039	<0.001

Note: *Correlation is significant at the p values ≤0.05 shown in bold.

Table 4 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis Using Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy as Dependent Variable in Diabetic Subjects

Variables	Risk Ratio	95% CI	p values*
Constant	0.027	–	–
Age
Reference: ≤ 50 years	0.995	0.907, 1.092	0.918
Gender, male	1.294	1.090, 1.536	0.003
Duration of diabetes
Reference: ≤ 15 years	0.981	0.841, 1.144	0.807
BMI	1.113	0.955, 1.297	0.171
FBS	1.157	1.051, 1.273	0.003
HbA1c	1.019	0.981, 1.058	0.329
Cholesterol	1.588	1.174, 2.147	0.003
Triglycerides	1.292	1.086, 1.538	0.004
HDL	1.021	0.963, 1.083	0.483
LDL	1.299	1.073, 1.574	0.007

Note: a Variable(s) entered on step 1: Gender, BMI, FBS, HbA1C, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL. BMI. *p≤ 0.05 significant.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CI, Confidence Interval.