Poor Self-Care Practices and Being Urban Resident Strongly Predict Chronic Complications Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Eastern Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia, 2020/21 (n=879)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
Sex	Male	386	43.9
	Female	493	56.1
Age, mean ±SD (years)	52.7±13.3
	18–34	83	9.4
	35–44	128	14.6
	45–54	221	25.1
	55+	447	50.9
Educational level
	No formal education	352	40.0
	Primary (Grade 1–8)	216	24.6
	Secondary (Grade 9–12)	171	19.5
	Tertiary (12^+)	140	15.9
Marital status
	Never married	72	8.2
	Married	714	81.2
	Others (divorcee, widowed)	96	10.6
Occupation
	Paid employee	209	23.7
	Merchant	74	8.4
	Farmer & Daily laborer	203	23.1
	House-wife	295	33.6
	Others*	98	11.2
Residence
	Urban	684	77.8
	Rural	195	22.2
Wealth index
	Low	296	33.7
	Medium	345	39.4
	High	237	26.9
Health insurance
	No	577	65.6
	Yes	302	34.3

Note: *Others: non-employee, students, and retired.

Table 2 Clinical Related Characteristics of Patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia, 2020/21 (n=879)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
DM duration, years	<5 years	680	77.4
	≥5 years	199	22.6
Co-morbidity	No	656	74.1
	Yes	223	25.4
Hypertension	No	739	84.1
	Yes	140	15.9
Current regimen	Insulin monotherapy	217	24.7
	Insulin + OGAs*	133	15.1
	OGA monotherapy	149	17.0
	OGA combination therapy	380	43.2
Glucometer	No	699	79.5
	Yes	180	20.5
Glycemic control	Optimal	208	24.0
	Suboptimal	671	76.0
BMI	Under weight	13	1.5
	Normal	378	43.0
	Overweight & Obese	488	55.5
Total cholesterol	Normal (<200mg/dL)	517	58.8
	Border line(200–239mg/dL)	96	10.9
	High (≥240mg/dL)	266	30.3
Triglycerides	Normal (150–199mg/dL)	304	36.9
	Border line (150–199mg/dL)	240	27.3
	High & very high (≥200mg/dL)	315	35.8
Social support	Low	101	11.5
	Moderate	508	57.8
	High	270	30.7

Abbreviation: *OGAs, oral glycemic control agents.

Figure 1 The numbers of chronic complications among patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia, 2020/21 (n=879).

Table 3 The Distributions of Chronic Complications Among Patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia, 2020/21 (n=879)

Variable	Frequency	Percent
Microvascular complications
Peripheral neuropathy	60	6.8
Retinopathy	55	6.3
Nephropathy	34	3.9
Sexual dysfunction	57	6.5
Macrovascular complications
Hypertension	140	15.9
Heart Failure	37	4.2
Coronary heart diseases	30	3.4
Stroke and trainset ischemic attack (TIA)	24	2.7
Peripheral arterial diseases, and diabetes foot	12	1.4
Non-vascular complications
Tooth and gum problems	37	4.2
Infections other than skin*	26	3.0
Skin problems	13	1.5

Note: *Tuberculosis, and frequent urinary tract infections.

Table 4 Factors Associated with Chronic Complications Among Patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia, 2020/21 (n=879)

Variables	n (%)	Chronic Complications
		CPR (95% CI)	APR (95% CI)
Sex
Male	386(43.9)	1	1
Female	493(56.1)	1.10(1.05, 2.25)	0.96(0.71, 1.31)
Educational level
No formal education	352(40.0)	1.08(1.01, 1.19)	1.30(0.81, 2.07)
Primary (Grade 1–8)	216(24.6)	0.99(0.74, 1.33)	0.89(0.56, 1.42)
Secondary (Grade 9–12)	171(19.5)	079(0.56, 1.13)	0.99(0.60, 1.60)
Tertiary (12+)	140(15.9)	1	1
Residence
Urban	684(77.8)	1.05(1.01, 1.38)	2.64(1.54, 4.54) **
Rural	195(22.2)	1	1
Wealth index
Low	296(33.7)	1.12(1.04, 2.49)	1.80(1.17, 2.76) *
Moderate	345(39.4)	1.08(1.05, 1.42)	1.19(0.86, 1.66)
High	237(26.9)	1	1
Diabetes duration
<5 years	680(77.4)	1	1
≥5 years	199(22.6)	1.02(1.00, 1.35)	1.46(1.05, 2.01) *
Current regimen
Insulin monotherapy	217(24.7)	1.13(0.84, 1.51)	1.46(1.01, 2.12)
Insulin + OGA	133(15.1)	1.09(0.78, 1.53)	1.46(0.96, 2.21)
OGA monotherapy	149(17.0)	1.42(1.05, 1.92)	1.01(0.65, 1.57)
Combination of OGAs	380(43.2)	1	1
Triglycerides
Normal(150–199mg/dL)	304(36.9)	1	1
Border line(150–199mg/dL)	240(27.3)	1.23(0.89, 1.68)	0.91(0.63, 1.34)
High & very high(>200mg/dL)	315(35.8)	2.04(1.56, 2.66)	1.48(1.07, 2.09) *
Diabetes self-care practice
Poor	531(65.7)	1.22(1.01, 1.46)	1.62(1.18, 2.23) **
Good	277(34.3)	1	1
Social support
Low	101(11.5)	1.98(1.37, 2.84)	1.30(0.83, 1.97)
Moderate	508(57.8)	1.21(0.93, 1.57)	0.78(0.53, 1.14)
High	270(30.7)	1	1

Note: Statistical significance: **p<0.001, *P<0.05.

Abbreviation: OGA, oral glycemic agent.