One-Hour Post-Load Plasma Glucose Levels are Associated with Early Arterial Stiffness in Subjects with Different Glucose Tolerance

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of the Subjects in Each Group

Variable	Normal Group (n=57)	Pre-Diabetes Group (n=38)	Diabetes Group (n=30)	F or χ^2	p
Age (y) mean (SD)	48.3(9.3)	52.6(8.3)*	56.0(10.8)*	6.933	0.001
Gender (Male/Female)	30/27	25/13	17/13	1.630	0.443
BMI (kg/m^2) mean (SD)	24.6(3.6)	25.3(2.7)	25.6(3.4)	0.951	0.389
WC (cm) mean (SD)	85.3(11.1)	86.9(9.0)	88.2(9.4)	0.822	0.442
SBP (mmHg) mean (SD)	122.2(16.8)	128.5(15.0)	130.9(17.7)*	3.271	0.041
DBP (mmHg) mean (SD)	79.9(12.2)	82.2(9.4)	82.4(14.1)	0.640	0.529
TG (mmol/L) mean (SD)	1.80(1.09)	1.74(0.96)	1.69(0.87)	0.131	0.877
TC (mmol/L) mean (SD)	5.35(1.09)	5.04(0.93)	5.25(0.99)	1.026	0.361
HDL-C (mmol/L) mean (SD)	1.47(0.35)	1.35(0.33)	1.45(0.32)	1.451	0.238
LDL-C (mmol/L) mean (SD)	2.84(0.86)	2.71(0.70)	2.73(0.77)	0.394	0.675
FPG (mmol/L) mean (SD)	5.07(0.57)	5.45(0.72)*	6.00(1.13)*^#	13.822	<0.001
OGTT, 1-h Plasma Glucose (mmol/L) mean (SD)	8.93(1.42)	10.35(1.50)*	11.41(2.98)*^#	17.460	<0.001
OGTT, 2-h Plasma Glucose (mmol/L) mean (SD)	6.32(1.18)	9.23(1.09)*	13.55(3.06)*^#	159.971	<0.001
Fasting Insulin (uIU/mL) median (IQR)	8.8(6.2~14.4)	7.1(5.5~10.9)	6.5(5.3~11.1)	2.488	0.087
OGTT, 1-h Insulin (uIU/mL) median (IQR)	38.1(24.2~82.6)	41.8(20.5~60.3)	30.7(12.4~40.1)	2.971	0.055
OGTT, 2-h Insulin (uIU/mL) median (IQR)	28.6(16.7~48.5)	42.9(29.9~77.1)*	39.4(25.1~62.7)	4.233	0.017
HOMA-IR median (IQR)	2.06(1.36~3.30)	1.73(1.16~2.74)	1.86(1.28~2.90)	0.882	0.417
baPWV (mm) mean (SD)	1368.0(242.8)	1428.6(173.1)	1501.8(270.4)*	3.341	0.039

Note: Values are expressed as mean (SD), and when not normally distributed, they were ln-transformed for analysis and are expressed as median (IQR). *Compared with the Normal Group p<0.05, ^#compared with the Pre-diabetes Group p<0.05.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Table 2 Simple Correlations Between the Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Other Variables

Variable	r	p
Age (y)	0.512	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.130	0.148
WC (cm)	0.050	0.577
SBP (mmHg)	0.526	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	0.298	0.001
TG (mmol/L)	0.067	0.461
TC (mmol/L)	0.139	0.122
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.145	0.106
LDL-C (mmol/L)	0.082	0.361
FPG (mmol/L)	0.213	0.017
OGTT, 1-h Plasma Glucose (mmol/L)	0.407	<0.001
OGTT, 2-h Plasma Glucose (mmol/L)	0.202	0.024
Fasting Insulin (uIU/mL)	−0.042	0.639
OGTT, 1-h Insulin (uIU/mL)	−0.070	0.436
OGTT, 2-h Insulin (uIU/mL)	0.114	0.204
HOMA-IR	0.006	0.949

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance.

Table 3 Multiple Linear Regression Analyses for Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (Stepwise Method)

Model	Unstandardized Coefficient B	Std. Error	Standardized Coefficient B	t	p	95% CI	R^2	VIF
(Constant)	278.943	177.047		1.576	0.118	−71.627 to 629.513
SBP (mmHg)	6.598	1.004	0.469	6.574	<0.001	4.611 to 8.585	0.276	1.245
Age (y)	6.120	1.778	0.256	3.442	0.001	2.599 to 9.640	0.419	1.348
OGTT, 1-h Plasma Glucose (mmol/L)	23.129	7.569	0.213	3.056	0.003	8.142 to 38.115	0.455	1.186

Note: Dependent Variable: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.